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51.
Sequence Variations in the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Characterized by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (Sscp) Analysis and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Holsteins 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
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Sequence variations in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of seven amplified fragments covering almost the entire gene (2.7 kb). SSCPs were detected in four of these fragments and a total of six polymorphisms were found in a sample of 128 Holstein bulls. Two polymorphisms, a T->C transition in the third intron (designated GH4.1) and an A->C transversion in the fifth exon (designated GH6.2), were shown to be associated with milk production traits. GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(c) bulls had higher milk yield than GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(t) (P <= 0.005) and GH4.1(t)/GH4.1(t) (P <= 0.0022) bulls. GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(c) bulls had higher kg fat (P <= 0.0076) and protein (P <= 0.0018) than GH4.1(c)/GH4.1(t) bulls. Similar effects on milk production traits with the GH6.2 polymorphism were observed with the GH6.2(a) allele being the favorable allele. The average effects of the gene substitution for GH4.1 and GH6.2 are similar, with +/-300 kg for milk yield, +/-8 kg for fat content and +/-7 kg for protein content per lactation. The positive association of GH4.1(c) and GH6.2(a) with milk production traits may be useful for improving milk performance in dairy cattle. 相似文献
52.
Evolutionary Conservation of Sequences Directing Chromosome Breakage and Rdna Palindrome Formation in Tetrahymenine Ciliates 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Extensive, programmed chromosome breakage occurs during formation of the somatic macronucleus of ciliated protozoa. The cis-acting signal directing breakage has been most rigorously defined in Tetrahymena thermophila, where it consists of a 15-bp DNA sequence known as Cbs, for chromosome breakage sequence. We have identified sequences identical or nearly identical to the T. thermophila Cbs at sites of breakage flanking the germline micronuclear rDNA locus of six additional species of Tetrahymena as well as members of two related genera. Other general features of the breakage site are also conserved, but surprisingly, the orientation and number of copies of Cbs are not always conserved, suggesting the occurrence of germline rearrangement events over evolutionary time. At one end of the T. thermophila micronuclear rDNA locus, a pair of short inverted repeats adjacent to Cbs directs the formation of a giant palindromic molecule. We have examined the corresponding sequences from two other Tetrahymena species. We find the sequence to be partially conserved, as previously implied from analysis of macronuclear rDNA, but of variable length and organization. 相似文献
53.
54.
用人重组肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumornecrosisfactor-α,TNF-α)和人天然α干扰素(Interferon-α-,IFN-α)在人胚胎肺纤维母细胞(HEF)和Hep-2细胞系上对常见呼吸道病毒所致细胞病变抑制进行比较观察。病毒包括不同型别的腺病毒5株,单疱病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-I)1株,鼻病毒1株,仙台病毒1株,VSV1株。结果提示TNF-α和IFN-α均具有广谱抗病毒活性。TNF-α的抑毒作用能被TNF-α申抗和IFN-β单抗完全去除,被IFN-α单抗部分去除TNF-α的抗病毒效应。TNF--α中和试验的结果提示:TNF抗病毒活性仍为IFN-β诱生所介导。 相似文献
55.
在自生异养条件下,旋扭山绿豆根瘤菌MXDI6菌株的氢酶诱导表达受气相、pH值、镍等因子影响:氢酶表达的最适氧浓度为4%,最适氢浓度为15%,二氧化碳没有明显影响;氢酶表达的pH值以5.0—6.0为宜;0.5μmol/LNiCl2明显促进吸氢活性,但镍浓度大于1μmol/L则抑制吸氢活性. 相似文献
56.
Ultrastructure of sperm and eggs of the ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus L.), an internally fertilizing marine teleost, was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the sperm do not have an acrosome but have a very long mid-piece (one to two times the sperm head length) containing numerous well-developed elongated mitochondria. The sperm also have two tails (is biflagellate) each consisting of nine peripheral and one central pair (9 ± 2) of microtubules. This long mid-piece and the biflagellate nature of the sperm appear to be associated with the long life-span of the sperm and with sperm dispersal in the ovary to fertilize the eggs internally. The ocean pout eggs are enveloped by a porous chorionic membrane similar to that found in other teleosts but have two micropyles, a condition likely related to a mechanism of egg fertilization which increases the egg fertlity in the presence of low sperm numbers. Following insemination, some biochemically undefined excretions appeared on the surface of fertilized eggs and led to the acquisition of adherent capability of the eggs which formed a tightly associated egg mass in sea water. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
57.
An rRNA variable region has an evolutionarily conserved essential role despite sequence divergence. 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
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Regions extremely variable in size and sequence occur at conserved locations in eukaryotic rRNAs. The functional importance of one such region was determined by gene reconstruction and replacement in Tetrahymena thermophila. Deletion of the D8 region of the large-subunit rRNA inactivates T. thermophila rRNA genes (rDNA): transformants containing only this type of rDNA are unable to grow. Replacement with an unrelated sequence of similar size or a variable region from a different position in the rRNA also inactivated the rDNA. Mutant rRNAs resulting from such constructs were present only in precursor forms, suggesting that these rRNAs are deficient in either processing or stabilization of the mature form. Replacement with D8 regions from three other organisms restored function, even though the sequences are very different. Thus, these D8 regions share an essential functional feature that is not reflected in their primary sequences. Similar tertiary structures may be the quality these sequences share that allows them to function interchangeably. 相似文献
58.
Detection of circular excised DNA deletion elements in Tetrahymena thermophila during development. 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
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Extensive programmed DNA deletion occurs in ciliates during development. In this study we examine the excised forms of two previously characterized deletion elements, the R- and M-element, in Tetrahymena. Using divergently oriented primers in polymerase chain reactions we have detected the junctions formed by joining the two ends of these elements, providing evidence for the presence of circular excised forms. These circular forms were detected in developing macronuclear DNA from 12-24 h after mating began, but not in micronuclear or whole cell DNA of vegetative cells. They are present at very low abundance, detectable after PCR only through hybridization with specific probes. Sequence analysis shows that the circle junctions occur at or very near the known ends of the elements. There is sequence microheterogeneity in these junctions, which does not support a simple reciprocal exchange model for DNA deletion. A model involving staggered cuts and variable mismatch repair is proposed to explain these results. This model also explains the sequence microheterogeneity previously detected among the junction sequences retained in the macronuclear chromosome. 相似文献
59.
Requirement of the Pr55gag precursor for incorporation of the Vpr product into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral particles. 总被引:24,自引:19,他引:5
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C Lavalle X J Yao A Ladha H Gttlinger W A Haseltine E A Cohen 《Journal of virology》1994,68(3):1926-1934
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles consists of two molecules of genomic RNA as well as molecules originating from gag, pol, and env products, all synthesized as precursor proteins. The 96-amino-acid Vpr protein, the only virion-associated HIV-1 regulatory protein, is not part of the virus polyprotein precursors, and its incorporation into virus particles must occur by way of an interaction with a component normally found in virions. To investigate the mechanism of incorporation of Vpr into the HIV-1 virion, Vpr- proviral DNA constructs harboring mutations or deletions in specific virion-associated gene products were cotransfected with Vpr expressor plasmids in COS cells. Virus released from the transfected cells was tested for the presence of Vpr by immunoprecipitation with Vpr-specific antibodies. The results of these experiments show that Vpr is trans-incorporated into virions but at a lower efficiency than when Vpr is expressed from a proviral construct. The minimal viral genetic information necessary for Vpr incorporation was a deleted provirus encoding only the pr55gag polyprotein precursor. Incorporation of Vpr requires the expression but not the processing of gag products and is independent of pol and env expression. Direct interaction of Vpr with the Pr55gag precursor protein was demonstrated by coprecipitation experiments with gag product-specific antibodies. Overall, these results indicate that HIV-1 Vpr is incorporated into the nascent virion through an interaction with the Gag precursor polyprotein and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which viral protein can be incorporated into virus particles. 相似文献
60.
Nucleocapsid-glycoprotein interactions required for assembly of alphaviruses. 总被引:30,自引:19,他引:11
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We have studied interactions between nucleocapsids and glycoproteins required for budding of alphaviruses, using Ross River virus-Sindbis virus chimeras in which the nucleocapsid protein is derived from one virus and the envelope glycoproteins are derived from the second virus. A virus containing the Ross River virus genome in which the capsid protein had been replaced with that from Sindbis virus was almost nonviable. Nucleocapsids formed in normal numbers in the infected cell, but very little virus was released from the cell. There are 11 amino acid differences between Ross River virus and Sindbis virus in their 33-residue E2 cytoplasmic domains. Site-specific mutagenesis was used to change 9 of these 11 amino acids in the chimera from the Ross River virus to the Sindbis virus sequence in an attempt to adapt the E2 of the chimera to the nucleocapsid. The resulting mutant chimera grew 4 orders of magnitude better than the parental chimeric virus. This finding provides direct evidence for a sequence-specific interaction between the nucleocapsid and the E2 cytoplasmic domain during virus budding. The mutated chimeric virus readily gave rise to large-plaque variants that grew almost as well as Ross River virus, suggesting that additional single amino acid substitutions in the structural proteins can further enhance the interactions between the disparate capsid and the glycoproteins. Unexpectedly, change of E2 residue 394 from lysine (Ross River virus) to glutamic acid (Sindbis virus) was deleterious for the chimera, suggesting that in addition to its role in nucleocapsid-E2 interactions, the N-terminal part of the E2 cytoplasmic domain may be involved in glycoprotein-glycoprotein interactions required to assemble the glycoprotein spikes. The reciprocal chimera, Sindbis virus containing the Ross River virus capsid, also grew poorly. Suppressor mutations arose readily in this chimera, producing a virus that grew moderately well and that formed larger plaques. 相似文献