全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2070篇 |
免费 | 148篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
2222篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 31篇 |
2021年 | 41篇 |
2020年 | 33篇 |
2019年 | 27篇 |
2018年 | 52篇 |
2017年 | 49篇 |
2016年 | 80篇 |
2015年 | 71篇 |
2014年 | 111篇 |
2013年 | 136篇 |
2012年 | 143篇 |
2011年 | 123篇 |
2010年 | 79篇 |
2009年 | 65篇 |
2008年 | 96篇 |
2007年 | 95篇 |
2006年 | 82篇 |
2005年 | 64篇 |
2004年 | 65篇 |
2003年 | 36篇 |
2002年 | 55篇 |
2001年 | 36篇 |
2000年 | 43篇 |
1999年 | 36篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 20篇 |
1996年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1989年 | 20篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 20篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 29篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1976年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1974年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 21篇 |
1972年 | 15篇 |
1971年 | 17篇 |
1970年 | 18篇 |
排序方式: 共有2222条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
Victoria Moriconi Romina Sellaro Nicolás Ayub Gabriela Soto Matías Rugnone Rashmi Shah Gopal P. Pathak Wolfgang Gärtner Jorge J. Casal 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,76(2):322-331
In Arabidopsis thaliana, light signals modulate the defences against bacteria. Here we show that light perceived by the LOV domain‐regulated two‐component system (Pst–Lov) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) modulates virulence against A. thaliana. Bioinformatic analysis and the existence of an episomal circular intermediate indicate that the locus encoding Pst–Lov is present in an active genomic island acquired by horizontal transfer. Strains mutated at Pst–Lov showed enhanced growth on minimal medium and in leaves of A. thaliana exposed to light, but not in leaves incubated in darkness or buried in the soil. Pst–Lov repressed the expression of principal and alternative sigma factor genes and their downstream targets linked to bacterial growth, virulence and quorum sensing, in a strictly light‐dependent manner. We propose that the function of Pst–Lov is to distinguish between soil (dark) and leaf (light) environments, attenuating the damage caused to host tissues while releasing growth out of the host. Therefore, in addition to its direct actions via photosynthesis and plant sensory receptors, light may affect plants indirectly via the sensory receptors of bacterial pathogens. 相似文献
42.
Pandey Gyanendra Krishna Pathak Nilesh Kumar Ji Alok Pathak Hardik Sharma R. P. 《Plasmonics (Norwell, Mass.)》2016,11(5):1343-1349
Plasmonics - In this paper, we have studied the surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS) from a molecule adsorbed on coated and non-coated spherical shape metallic nanoparticles. We have accounted... 相似文献
43.
Sangita Roopak Nilesh Kumar Pathak Alok Ji R. P. Sharma 《Plasmonics (Norwell, Mass.)》2016,11(2):425-432
We suggest numerical method to study the optical response of metal nanostructures. The analysis of optical properties such as scattering and absorption by coated and noncoated nanogeometry has been done using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method. The core-shell nanogeometry supports surface plasmon resonances, which are highly tunable from 400 to 1100 nm. The tunability of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) highly depends on the structural anisotropy and chosen core-shell material. Further, we have observed that aspect ratio is one of the key parameter to decide the nature and position of the plasmonic peaks and magnitude of optical cross section. We have also shown that coated nanospheroid is a more appropriate geometry as compared to coated nanosphere and noncoated nanospheroid in terms of wide tunability of surface plasmon resonance. The wide tunability in SPR is observed for the effective radii 90 nm core-shell (Au@SiO2) nanospheroid with aspect ratio 0.1. 相似文献
44.
Chaman Saini Anisuddin Siddiqui Venkatesh Ramesh Indira Nath 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(4)
Background
50% of leprosy patients suffer from episodes of Type 1/ reversal reactions (RR) and Type 2/ Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) reactions which lead to morbidity and nerve damage. CD4+ subsets of Th17 cells and CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to play a major role in disease associated immunopathology and in stable leprosy as reported by us and others. The aim of our study was to analyze their role in leprosy reactions.Methodology and Principle Findings
Quantitative reverse transcribed PCR (qPCR), flowcytometry and ELISA were used to respectively investigate gene expression, cell phenotypes and supernatant levels of cytokines in antigen stimulated PBMC cultures in patients with stable disease and those undergoing leprosy reactions. Both types of reactions are associated with significant increase of Th17 cells and associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-23 and chemokines CCL20, CCL22 as compared to matching stable forms of leprosy. Concurrently patients in reactions show reduction in FOXP3+ Treg cells as well as reduction in TGF-β and increase in IL-6. Moreover, expression of many T cell markers, cytokines, chemokines and signaling factors were observed to be increased in RR as compared to ENL reaction patients.Conclusions
Patients with leprosy reactions show an imbalance in Th17 and Treg populations. The reduction in Treg suppressor activity is associated withhigherTh17cell activity. The combined effect of reduced TGF-β and enhanced IL-6, IL-21 cytokines influence the balance between Th17 or Treg cells in leprosy reactions as reported in the murine models and autoimmune diseases. The increase in Th17 cell associated cytokines may contribute to lesional inflammation. 相似文献45.
Leena Thorat Dasharath P Oulkar Kaushik Banerjee Bimalendu B Nath 《Journal of biosciences》2016,41(3):331-339
Stressful environments are known to perturb developmental patterns in insects. In the purview of desiccation as a stressor, relatively little is known about the developmental consequences linked with desiccation tolerance. In this study, we have particularly focused on the exploration of the temporal profile of postembryonic development in response to desiccation exposure in Drosophila melanogaster and the associated trade-offs. We document a correlation between variations in 20-hydroxyecdysone levels and the altered timing of metamorphic events during the life cycle. Following desiccation, we observed an extension in the larval longevity whereas the duration of the pupal and adult stages was significantly shortened. Alternately, feeding of 20-hydroxyecdysone apparently led to the restoration of the normal temporal pattern of development in the desiccated group. In spite of the desiccation-responsive heterochronic shifts in development, the overall lifespan post recovery remained almost unaltered among the desiccated and undesiccated groups suggesting plasticity in developmental control. This observation reminisces ‘canalization-like’ phenomenon that buffers alterations in the overall lifespan. We thus identified a desiccation-responsive period in the lifespan of D. melanogaster during which variations in ecdysone levels are capable to alter the temporal course of development. 相似文献
46.
Rajesh Thiyagarajan Arunai Nambiraj Sujit Nath Sinha Girigesh Yadav Ashok Kumar Vikraman Subramani Kothandaraman 《Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy》2016,21(1):50-56
Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate performance of ArcCHECK diode array detector for the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) patient specific quality assurance (QA). VMAT patient specific QA results were correlated with ion chamber measurement. Dose response of the ArcCHECK detector was studied.Background
VMAT delivery technique improves the dose distribution. It is complex in nature and requires proper QA before its clinical implementation. ArcCHECK is a novel three dimensional dosimetry system.Materials and methods
Twelve retrospective VMAT plans were calculated on ArcCHECK phantom. Point dose and dose map were measured simultaneously with ion chamber (IC-15) and ArcCHECK diode array detector, respectively. These measurements were compared with their respective TPS calculated values.Results
The ion chamber measurements are in good agreement with TPS calculated doses. Mean difference between them is 0.50% with standard deviation of 0.51%. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) obtained for ion chamber measurements is 0.9996. These results demonstrate a strong correlation between the absolute dose predicted by our TPS and the measured dose. The CCC between ArcCHECK doses and TPS predictions on the CAX was found to be 0.9978. In gamma analysis of dose map, the mean passing rate was 98.53% for 3% dose difference and 3 mm distance to agreement.Conclusions
The VMAT patient specific QA with an ion chamber and ArcCHECK phantom are consistent with the TPS calculated dose. Statistically good agreement was observed between ArcCHECK measured and TPS calculated. Hence, it can be used for routine VMAT QA. 相似文献47.
Jaiswal Rahul Kumar Pandit Nidhi Pathak Nagendra Prasad 《Plasmonics (Norwell, Mass.)》2019,14(6):1539-1546
Plasmonics - In this study, we report a design concept to obtain center frequency and bandwidth reconfigurable spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPP) band-pass filter using T-shaped spoof SPP... 相似文献
48.
Noncancer risk assessment of arsenic safe and unsafe water uses: Bayesian estimation on cohort study
Cancer and noncancer risk of arsenic exposure depends on arsenic intake through drinking water and diets. The present study evaluated the probability of noncancer effects of arsenic exposure from drinking water and diets in a cohort of 82 participants in arsenic-endemic rural areas, considering arsenic-safe and arsenic-unsafe water uses for three consecutive years. The risk assessment included the collection of last 24 hours' diet replica and urine of the participants followed by total arsenic analysis of the same. Toxic dose emerging from exposure duration is a nonlinear variable. So, Bayesian estimation of the data for noncancer risk assessment of the variable arsenic consumption was performed. In spite of using arsenic-safe water, we observed arsenic consumption and release. Participants with skin lesions had more arsenic in urine than participants without skin lesions. Future risk for participants without skin lesions was twice due to less arsenic release in urine. For the first time, Bayesian simulation was used to assess noncancer risk on a cohort for a consecutive three-year study. A significant finding was the higher assessed noncancer risk of the participants without skin lesions than the participants with skin lesions. 相似文献
49.
50.
Nephroblastoma overexpressed (Nov) inhibits osteoblastogenesis and causes osteopenia 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Rydziel S Stadmeyer L Zanotti S Durant D Smerdel-Ramoya A Canalis E 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2007,282(27):19762-19772
Nephroblastoma overexpressed (Nov), a member of the Cyr 61, connective tissue growth factor, Nov (CCN) family of proteins, is expressed by osteoblasts, but its function in cells of the osteoblastic lineage is not known. We investigated the effects of Nov overexpression by transducing murine ST-2 stromal and MC3T3 osteoblastic cells with a retroviral vector where Nov is under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. We also examined the skeletal phenotype of transgenic mice expressing Nov under the control of the human osteocalcin promoter. Overexpression of Nov in ST-2 cells inhibited the appearance of mineralized nodules and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin mRNA levels. Nov overexpression inhibited the effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8; on the transactivation of 12xSBE-Oc-pGL3, a BMP/Smad signaling reporter construct, and of Wnt 3 on cytoplasmic beta-catenin levels; and on the transactivation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling reporter construct 16xTCF-Luc. Nov overexpression did not activate Notch or transforming growth factor beta signaling. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays demonstrated direct Nov-BMP interactions. Nov transgenic mice exhibited osteopenia. In conclusion, Nov binds BMP-2 and antagonizes BMP-2 and Wnt activity, and its overexpression inhibits osteoblastogenesis and causes osteopenia. 相似文献