The Effects of Neuraminidase and Gangliosides on Ovarian LH/hCG Receptors During Rat Development

Ovaries of neonatal rats are not endowed with specific LH/hCG receptors up to 6–8 days of age. Treatment of ovarian membranes of the neonatal rat with neuraminidase results in a specific binding of radioactively labeled hCG, while an increase of hormone binding is observed after neuraminidase treatment of ovarian membranes of the 21-day-old rat. These changes in hormone receptor sites in the ovary are dependent on the neuraminidase concentration used and are due to a receptor with a dissociation constant (K_D) of about 10⁻⁹ M. The K_D of the receptor in the LH/hCG sensitive ovary without neuraminidase treatment is about 10⁻¹⁰ M. These results indicate the presence of two different LH/hCG receptors in the ovarian membrane. The unmasking effect of neuraminidase onto LH/hCG receptors indicate that ganglioside-like structures are responsible for the masking of receptors in the neonatal, insensitive rat ovary and also in the 21-day-old sensitive ovary. Ganglioside preparations are able to inhibit the binding, and the fractionation of ovary gangliosides results in a fraction with a rather high inhibition potency of LH/hCG binding to the receptor. It is hypothesized that the masked receptors in the sensitive period represent a store of receptors for the reconstitution of the ovarian cells with active receptors after internalization of the hormone-receptor complex. Thus the masking of the receptors in the early postnatal rat ovary could be a prerequisite for the female differentiation of hypothalamic centers. The observed neuraminidase effect in vitro could reflect a physiologic situation. Neuraminidase was found in the ovary, and during early postnatal development the neuraminidase activity pattern coincides with that of the ovarian LH/hCG receptor changes.     

Rhinebothrium devaneyi n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and Echinocephalus overstreeti Deardorff and Ko, 1983 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in a thorny back ray, Urogymnus asperrimus, from Enewetak Atoll, with phylogenetic analysis of both species groups

The new species is a member of an apparently monophyletic group within the genus that includes R. flexile, R. walga, R. himanturi, R. burgeri, R. euzeti, R. hawaiiensis, R. urobatidium, R. paratrygoni, R. ditesticulum, R. tetralobatum, R. margaritense, R. biorchidum, and R. spinicephalum. All of these species have bothridia with medial longitudinal septa, a constriction at mid-bothridium, and, primitively, at least 42 loculi per bothridium and 17-22 testes per proglottid. Of the above, the new species is apparently most closely related to R. burgeri, with which it shares an increased number of testes (30-43) per proglottid, a V-shaped ovary, and a muscular genital pore. The new species is distinct by virtue of possessing 94-152 loculi per bothridium--no other known species has more than 78. This is the second report of Echinocephalus overstreeti from a stingray. It represents a new host, U. asperrimus, and a new location, Enewetak Atoll. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of each species group suggests an ancient Tethys Sea-circum-Pacific origin and evolution. This supports the hypothesis of ancient Pacific origins for potamotrygonid stingrays.     

Two new stoloniferous species of Viola (Violaceae) from China

Two new stoloniferous species of Viola (Violaceae) from southern China are described and illustrated. Viola nitida is recognizably different from V. fargesii as the plant is evergreen and glabrous throughout, the leaf blade adaxially nitid, base cuneate or shallowly cordate, and margin serrate. Viola maoershanensis is different from V. diffusa as the leaf blade is serrate, base cordate and not decurrent to petiole, the petiole wingless, the flowers larger, the petals bluish violet or pinkish white, and the lower petal obtuse at the apex. The chromosome numbers of the two new species were counted as 2n = 24 (V. nitida) and 2n = 44 (V. maoershanensis). The taxonomic positions of the two species are discussed. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 349–356.     

Anisakis simplex and Terranova sp.: Inhibition by larval excretory-secretory products of mitogen-induced rodent lymphoblast proliferation

Execretory-secretory products were collected from supernatants of in vitro cultures of larval nematodes, Anisakis simplex (type I) and Terranova sp. (Hawaii type A). These materials were found to be more potent inhibitors of rodent lymphocyte blast transformation induced by concanavalin A and bacterial lipopolysaccaride than whole worm extracts of the same parasites. Inhibition of blast transformation was a result of cytostatic rather than toxic effects on proliferating lymphoid cells. The material(s) responsible for suppression are greater than 10,000 MW and are heat labile.     

Risk evaluation of cyanobacteria-dominated algal blooms in a North Louisiana reservoir

Cyanobacteria blooms may produce toxins thatare harmful to invertebrates and fishinhabiting aquatic systems. The objectives ofthis risk evaluation were: (1) to investigatethe potential toxicity (i.e., adverse effectsof cyanobacteria on the survival, reproduction,and behavior) of Lyngbya-dominated algalblooms from a North Louisiana reservoir to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas;and (2) to develop mitigation strategies forthis cyanobacteria infestation using physicaland chemical methods. Survival and reproductionof D. magna populations significantlydecreased after exposure to reservoircyanobacteria collected in spring in comparisonwith populations of test organisms exposed toeither Chlorophyta species or a combination ofreservoir cyanobacteria and Chlorophytaspecies. In April 1998, reservoir cyanobacteriaalso elicited a significant avoidance reactionby juvenile P. promelas (20–30 d).However, cyanobacteria collected in August andDecember (1997) did not cause adverse effectsfor either D. magna or P. promelasin terms of survival, reproduction, orbehavior. A physical control method, loweringthe water level of the reservoir (i.e.,drawdown), was simulated in the laboratory for8, 20, and 35 d. After re-saturation of algalpopulations with nutrient enriched medium, theyrecovered to 132.9, 129.4, and 23.7% oforiginal chlorophyll a concentrations,respectively. Herbicide application resulted in>78% decrease in chlorophyll aconcentration of reservoir cyanobacteria by7-d after initial herbicide application. Todecrease risk(s) of Lyngbya-dominatedcyanobacteria and maintain seasonal control inthis reservoir, drawdown in conjunction withherbicide application or recurrent herbicideapplication is recommended prior to onset ofcyanobacteria proliferation.