全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9842篇 |
免费 | 873篇 |
国内免费 | 839篇 |
专业分类
11554篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 26篇 |
2023年 | 155篇 |
2022年 | 331篇 |
2021年 | 571篇 |
2020年 | 400篇 |
2019年 | 435篇 |
2018年 | 422篇 |
2017年 | 307篇 |
2016年 | 430篇 |
2015年 | 608篇 |
2014年 | 781篇 |
2013年 | 756篇 |
2012年 | 923篇 |
2011年 | 777篇 |
2010年 | 540篇 |
2009年 | 423篇 |
2008年 | 460篇 |
2007年 | 493篇 |
2006年 | 407篇 |
2005年 | 340篇 |
2004年 | 301篇 |
2003年 | 233篇 |
2002年 | 201篇 |
2001年 | 175篇 |
2000年 | 157篇 |
1999年 | 153篇 |
1998年 | 71篇 |
1997年 | 69篇 |
1996年 | 72篇 |
1995年 | 52篇 |
1994年 | 63篇 |
1993年 | 51篇 |
1992年 | 75篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 39篇 |
1989年 | 51篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 24篇 |
1985年 | 25篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
P2X7 receptor inhibition attenuated sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction via the NLRP3/IL‐1β pathway 下载免费PDF全文
Hesheng Hu Xiaolu Li Mei Xue Wenjuan Cheng Ye Wang Xinran Li Na Yang Yugen Shi Suhua Yan 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2017,21(11):2695-2710
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammation modulates sympathetic sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI). The myeloid P2X7 signal has been shown to activate the nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a master regulator of inflammation. We investigated whether P2X7 signal participated in the pathogenesis of sympathetic reinnervation after MI, and whether NLRP3/interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) axis is involved in the process. We explored the relationship between P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and IL‐1β in the heart tissue of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐primed naive rats. 3′‐O‐(4‐benzoyl) benzoyl adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (BzATP), a P2X7R agonist, induced caspase‐1 activation and mature IL‐1β release, which was further neutralized by a NLRP3 inhibitor (16673‐34‐0). MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Following infarction, a marked increase in P2X7R was localized within infiltrated macrophages and observed in parallel with an up‐regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome levels and the release of IL‐1β in the left ventricle. The administration of A‐740003 (a P2X7R antagonist) significantly prevented the NLRP3/IL‐1β increase. A‐740003 and/or Anakinra (an IL‐1 receptor antagonist) significantly reduced macrophage infiltration as well as macrophage‐based IL‐1β and NGF (nerve growth factor) production and eventually blunted sympathetic hyperinnervation, as assessed by the immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP 43). Moreover, the use of Anakinra partly attenuated sympathetic sprouting. This indicated that the effect of P2X7 on neural remodelling was mediated at least partially by IL‐1β. The arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation was in accordance with the degree of sympathetic hyperinnervation. In vitro studies showed that BzATP up‐regulated secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in M1 macrophages via IL‐1β. Together, these data indicate that P2X7R contributes to neural and cardiac remodelling, at least partly mediated by NLRP3/IL‐1β axis. Therapeutic interventions targeting P2X7 signal may be a novel approach to ameliorate arrhythmia following MI. 相似文献
82.
Long Wang Xuefei Chang Fang Wang Hongwei Yao Yufa Peng David Stanley Gongyin Ye 《Plant biotechnology journal》2017,15(8):1047-1053
Transgenic Bt rice expressing the insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has been developed since 1989. Their ecological risks towards non‐target organisms have been investigated; however, these studies were conducted individually, yielding uncertainty regarding potential agroecological risks associated with large‐scale deployment of Bt rice lines. Here, we developed a meta‐analysis of the existing literature to synthesize current knowledge of the impacts of Bt rice on functional arthropod guilds, including herbivores, predators, parasitoids and detritivores in laboratory and field studies. Laboratory results indicate Bt rice did not influence survival rate and developmental duration of herbivores, although exposure to Bt rice led to reduced egg laying, which correctly predicted their reduced abundance in Bt rice agroecosystems. Similarly, consuming prey exposed to Bt protein did not influence survival, development or fecundity of predators, indicating constant abundances of predators in Bt rice fields. Compared to control agroecosystems, parasitoid populations decreased slightly in Bt rice cropping systems, while detritivores increased. We draw two inferences. One, laboratory studies of Bt rice showing effects on ecological functional groups are mainly either consistent with or more conservative than results of field studies, and two, Bt rice will pose negligible risks to the non‐target functional guilds in future large‐scale Bt rice agroecosystems in China. 相似文献
83.
84.
Changlin Fu William P. Donovan Olga Shikapwashya-Hasser Xudong Ye Robert H. Cole 《PloS one》2014,9(12)
Molecular cloning is utilized in nearly every facet of biological and medical research. We have developed a method, termed Hot Fusion, to efficiently clone one or multiple DNA fragments into plasmid vectors without the use of ligase. The method is directional, produces seamless junctions and is not dependent on the availability of restriction sites for inserts. Fragments are assembled based on shared homology regions of 17–30 bp at the junctions, which greatly simplifies the construct design. Hot Fusion is carried out in a one-step, single tube reaction at 50°C for one hour followed by cooling to room temperature. In addition to its utility for multi-fragment assembly Hot Fusion provides a highly efficient method for cloning DNA fragments containing inverted repeats for applications such as RNAi. The overall cloning efficiency is in the order of 90–95%. 相似文献
85.
耦合中空纤维膜超滤分离游离细胞催化合成ATP 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对耦合中空纤维膜超滤分离进行游离细胞催化合成ATP过程进行了实验研究,考察了细胞的催化效率和膜组件的操作稳定性。结果显示,中空纤维超滤膜的耦合分离能有效地截留反应液中的游离酶,其中乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和已糖激酶(HK)的稳态截留效率在95%以上。耦合膜分离的酵母细胞催化ATP合成反应可重复使用2.5~3.0次,酶的利用率比普通分离的细胞提高2.0~2.5倍。中空纤维超滤膜于0.1Mpa工作压力下连续11批耦合分离操作,膜的渗透性无明显下降,过滤速率保持在初速率的95%以上。在稀释速率0.25h-1下,反应体系保持了连续5h的ATP高转化率合成与分离耦合的拟稳态操作。 相似文献
86.
87.
88.
89.
Inositol pyrophosphates are required for DNA hyperrecombination in protein kinase c1 mutant yeast 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP(7)) and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate (InsP(8)) contain energetic pyrophosphate groups, occur throughout animal and plant kingdoms, and are synthesized by a recently cloned family of inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (InsP(6)Ks). We report that these inositol pyrophosphates mediate homologous DNA recombination in yeast S. cerevisae. Hyperrecombination, caused by altered protein kinase C1 (PKC1), is lost in yeast with deletion of yeast InsP(6)K (yInsP(6)K) and can be restored selectively by catalytically active yeast or mammalian InsP(6)Ks. Inositol pyrophosphates are required for two forms of hyperrecombination that differ in mechanism, suggesting some generalities for actions of inositol pyrophosphates in recombination. 相似文献
90.
Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review 总被引:85,自引:0,他引:85
Lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce ethanol, a promising alternative energy source for the limited crude oil. There are mainly two processes involved in the conversion: hydrolysis of cellulose in the lignocellulosic biomass to produce reducing sugars, and fermentation of the sugars to ethanol. The cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is relatively high based on current technologies, and the main challenges are the low yield and high cost of the hydrolysis process. Considerable research efforts have been made to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials to remove lignin and hemicellulose can significantly enhance the hydrolysis of cellulose. Optimization of the cellulase enzymes and the enzyme loading can also improve the hydrolysis. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation effectively removes glucose, which is an inhibitor to cellulase activity, thus increasing the yield and rate of cellulose hydrolysis. 相似文献