HSV—2阴道感染并诱导小鼠阴道粘膜上皮细胞凋亡

最近的报道指出,某些病毒有诱导体外细胞凋亡的作用,借以限制病毒的扩散。为探讨ＨＳＶ－２在体内诱导细胞凋亡的效果及其形态学特点,用 ＨＳＶ－２ ３３３株感染小鼠阴道,于感染后不同天数处死动物,取其阴道,固定于１０％中性福尔马林,ＴＵＮＥＬ末端标记染色显示凋亡的细胞,光镜下进行原位观察。结果显示：感染后的第１天粘膜上皮内即出现大量的凋亡细胞,第２天至１１天凋亡细胞的数量及在上皮内的分布范围达最高水平。早期的凋亡细胞见于感染后所有标本,其核染色质形态及分布似正常细胞,但它被ＴＵＮＥＬ标记染成棕黄色;晚期的凋亡细胞亦见于所有标本,其胞核缩小,染色质浓缩并在核周边集聚,核中心空化。载有凋亡细胞的上皮在阴道粘膜上分布很广,最广的可占全阴道上皮的２／３。同时可见ＨＳＶ．２引起的上皮细胞坏死及疱疹形成,二者均由凋亡细胞包围。凋亡细胞不断地由上皮表面脱落至阴道,未见凋亡小体及吞噬现象。结果提示,ＨＳＶ－２ ３３３株阴道感染可同时诱导细胞坏死及凋亡,细胞凋亡可能在限制病毒产生子代及限制感染区域扩展起重要作用。     

虾青素对超低温冷冻大黄鱼精子具有细胞膜保护作用

为研究虾青素对冷冻损伤的大黄鱼精子细胞的保护作用,探讨其内在机制,我们将大黄鱼精子稀释于含10%二甲基亚砜和各浓度虾青素的冷冻稀释液中,冷冻并解冻后,显微镜观察发现,1.43×10-4mol/L的虾青素使大黄鱼精子寿命、运动时间和激活率分别增加13.8%、36.0%和5.5%,接近于鲜精;单细胞凝胶电泳显示,核DNA受损程度明显减少,彗星拖尾变短;流式细胞术结果显示,质膜和线粒体明显受到保护,线粒体质量提高了19.27%(P<0.05)。通过双层类脂膜法测定不同浓度虾青素对H+的传递能力,发现2%的虾青素能较高效率地传递H+。结果表明适当浓度的虾青素能通过传递H+维持线粒体功能,从而保护冷冻损伤的大黄鱼精细胞。     

腔内大量盐水灌洗辅助取出乳房内聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶临床应用

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆胸后取出新方法.方法：对48例注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆胸患者术前行双乳MRI或彩超检查结合触诊准确定位.全麻小切口开放直视下吸出水凝胶,再用大量生理盐水反复灌洗所有腔隙,直至手感探测不到硬结,盐水中无水凝胶为止.结果：48例患者术后无继发感染和出血等并发症.术前诸症状体征消失,无明显乳房变形,乳房形态术后恢复满意.术后双乳MRI复查未见明显异物残留.术后1 ～12月（6.2±0.3月）45例随访复查MRI亦未见异物残留,乳房修复完好.结论：注射隆乳后腔内大量盐水灌洗辅助取出水凝胶具有创伤小、出血少、操作简单、费用低廉的优点,是一种较好的、值得推广的凝胶取出术式.     

伴侣素的发现者——霍维茨

伴侣素（chaperonin）是辅助蛋白质正确折叠过程中的重要元件,可有效防止蛋白质错误折叠和聚集,对细胞正常功能发挥和发育具有十分重要的意义。伴侣素功能缺陷或异常可导致许多神经退行性疾病如帕金森综合症等的发生,因此伴侣素介导的蛋白质折叠的研究对该类疾病的治疗具有重要帮助。伴侣素于1989年由霍维茨发现,经过近20年研究,人们对其作用机理和生理功能有了较为全面的理解,从而为应用奠定了基础。     

The thymic stromal cell line MTSC4 induced thymocyte apoptosis in a non-MHC-restricted manner

Mouse thymic stromal cell line 4 (MTSC4) is one of the stromal cell lines established in our laboratory. While losing the characteristics of epithelial cells, they express some surface markers shared with thymic dendritic cells (TDCs). To further study the biological functions of these cells, we compared the capability of MTSC4 with TDCs in the induction of thymocyte apoptosis, using thymic reaggregation culture system. Apoptosis of thymocytes induced by MTSC4 and TDCs was measured by Annexin V and PI staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that MTSC4 selectively augmented the apoptosis of CD4^ 8^ (DP) thymocytes. This effect was Fas/FasL independent and could not be blocked by antibodies to MHC class I and class II molecules. In addition, MTSC4 enhanced the apoptosis of DP thymocytes from different strains of mice, which implies that MTSC4-induced thymocyte apoptosis is not mediated by the TCR recognition of self peptide/MHC molecules. In contrast to MTSC4, thymocyte apoptosis induced by TDCs was MHC-restricted. Thus, MHC-independent fashion of stromal-DP thymocyte interaction may be one of the ways to induce thymocyte apoptosis in thymus. Our study has also shown that the interaction of MTSC4 stromal cells and thymocytes is required for the induction of thymocyte apoptosis.     

小麦TaMlo基因的原核表达、抗体制备及细胞化学分析(简报)

白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)是一类高度专化性的寄生真菌,可侵染650多种单子叶植物和 9000多种双子叶植物,能够引起多种麦类作物的白粉病,给农业生产带来巨大的损失。由于白粉病菌生理小种多、变异快,所以利用专化性抗病基因难以解决植物的持久抗病性问题。人们在研究大麦白粉病时．发现大麦Mlo基因的隐性突变可导致大麦对绝大多数白粉病菌生理小种的高效持久的广谱抗病性。Schulze-Lefert等多家实验室合作于1997年成功克隆了野生的 Mlo基因。进一步研究表明．该基因编码一种植物特有的具有7个跨膜区和羧基端长尾的膜蛋白(Mlo),它可能对植物细胞的坏死起负调控作用。但Mlo基因如何表达及其在白粉病菌发育中的作用机制尚不清楚。     

1.42A crystal structure of mini-IGF-1(2): an analysis of the disulfide isomerization property and receptor binding property of IGF-1 based on the three-dimensional structure

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) share a homologous sequence, a similar three-dimensional structure and weakly overlapping biological activity, but IGF-1 folds into two thermodynamically stable disulfide isomers, while insulin folds into one unique stable tertiary structure. This is a very interesting phenomenon in which one amino acid sequence encodes two three-dimensional structures, and its molecular mechanism has remained unclear for a long time. In this study, the crystal structure of mini-IGF-1(2), a disulfide isomer of an artificial analog of IGF-1, was solved by the SAD/SIRAS method using our in-house X-ray source. Evidence was found in the structure showing that the intra-A-chain/domain disulfide bond of some molecules was broken; thus, it was proposed that disulfide isomerization begins with the breakdown of this disulfide bond. Furthermore, based on the structural comparison of IGF-1 and insulin, a new assumption was made that in insulin the several hydrogen bonds formed between the N-terminal region of the B-chain and the intra-A-chain disulfide region of the A-chain are the main reason for the stability of the intra-A-chain disulfide bond and for the prevention of disulfide isomerization, while Phe B1 and His B5 are very important for the formation of these hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the receptor binding property of IGF-1 was analyzed in detail based on the structural comparison of mini-IGF-1(2), native IGF-1, and small mini-IGF-1.     

rhIL-12二硫键、N-糖基化位点及C端氨基酸序列分析

重组人白细胞介素12（rhIL-12）是一种已经用于治疗肿瘤,寄生虫、病毒性感染及造血障碍等疾病研究的异二聚体糖蛋白。结构确证是质量控制的重要内容,此研究对CHO细胞表达的rhIL-12二硫键配对方式、N-糖基化位点以及C端氨基酸序列进行了分析,使用Trypsin、Chymotrypsin和Glu-C三种酶分别对rhIL-12进行非还原酶解,尽可能地在其所有半胱氨酸残基之间断裂而形成二硫键相连的肽段,然后使用LC-MS/MS对酶解后的肽段样品进行分析,确定了rhIL-12样品中存在和理论配对方式相符的7对二硫键。将rhIL-12二硫键还原后并烷基化修饰保护,分别采用Trypsin,Chymotrypsin和GluC进行酶解,并用LC-MS/MS对酶解后肽段进行了质谱肽图及C端氨基酸序列分析,确定了rhIL-12 p35亚基C端氨基酸序列的8个氨基酸、p40亚基C端氨基酸序列的15个氨基酸。对rhIL-12样品还原及烷基化后用Trypsin变性酶解,所得肽段在H₂O及H₂¹⁸O水中分别用PNGase F糖苷酶处理酶切产物。并通过二级质谱分析脱糖后糖肽段分子量变化,从而确定了rhIL-12的3个N糖基化修饰位点,分别为p35亚基的71位和85位以及p40亚基的200位。通过建立酶解结合二级质谱鉴定的方法,证明了新药rhIL-12的二硫键位点、C端氨基酸序列和糖基化位点与理论一致。     

Functions of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) degradation genes in γ-PGA synthesis and cell morphology maintenance

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an important biopolymer with greatly potential in industrial and medical applications. In the present study, we constructed a metabolically engineered glutamate-independent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3 strain with considerable γ-PGA production, which was carried out by single, double, and triple markerless deletions of three degradation genes pgdS, ggt, and cwlO. The highest γ-PGA production (7.12 g/L) was obtained from the pgdS and cwlO double-deletion strain NK-pc, which was 93 % higher than that of wild-type LL3 strain (3.69 g/L). The triple-gene-deletion strain NK-pgc showed a 28 % decrease in γ-PGA production, leading to a yield of 2.69 g/L. Furthermore, the cell morphologies of the mutant strains were also characterized. The cell length of cwlO deletion strains NK-c and NK-pc was shorter than that of the wild-type strain, while the ggt deletion strains NK-g, NK-pg, NK-gc, and NK-pgc showed longer cell lengths. This is the first report concerning the markerless deletion of γ-PGA degradation genes to improve γ-PGA production in a glutamate-independent strain and the first observation that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (encoded by ggt) could be involved in the inhibition of cell elongation.