Vector competence ofRhipicephalus sanguineus andDermacentor variabilis for American isolates ofBabesia gibsoni

To determine the identity of the tick vector of enzooticBabesia gibsoni in California, two common ixodid ticks were allowed to engorge uponB. gibsoni infected dogs. Sporozoites were observed in the salivary glands of prefed nymphalRhipicephalus sanguineus ticks that fed as larvae onB. gibsoni-infected dogs. A higher proportion (31%) of nymphal ticks that prefed on an uninfected dog for 48 hours contained sporozoites in their salivary glands than did ticks which had fed for 24 hours (13%). Sporozoites were not observed in the salivary glands of prefedR. sanguineus nymphs which were derived from the eggs of adult females that fed on an infected dog, in adults that were fed as nymph on an infected dog, or in the nymphal and adult uninfected controls.Dermacentor variabilis ticks appeared not to become infected. Although attempts to transmitB. gibsoni to susceptible, splenectomized dogs were unsuccessful,R. sanguineus would appear to be the most likely tick vector to maintain this piroplasm in California. This study was supported by grants from the Companion Animal Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis.     

Preliminary observations on the effects of selenate on the development of the embryonic skate, Raja eglanteria

Morphogenesis of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, was not significantly inhibited as a result of 7 days of exposure to 1-2 mM selenate in the sea water during Days 59-69 of embryonic development (hatching would normally have occurred at 82 +/- 4 days of incubation). Although corneal transparency appeared normal in the eye, preliminary measurements of the thickness of Bowman's layer of the cornea suggested that it was significantly thinner in the corneas of embryos exposed to 1-2 mM selenate. Selenate is an ion reported to inhibit sulfation of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue.     

Differences in the interaction of Escherichia coli RNase P RNA with tRNAs containing a short or a long extra arm.

The phosphorothioate footprinting technique was applied to the investigation of phosphate moieties in tRNA substrates involved in interactions with M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P. In general agreement with previous data, all affected sites were localized in acceptor stem and T arm. But the analyzed examples for class I (Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-tRNA(Phe) with short variable arm) and class II tRNAs (E. coli pre-tRNA(Tyr) with large variable arm) revealed substantial differences. In the complex with pre-tRNA(Phe), protection was observed at U55, C56, and G57, along the top of the T loop in the tertiary structure, whereas in pre-tRNA(Tyr), the protected positions were G57, A58, and A59, at the bottom of the T loop. These differences suggest that the size of the variable arm affects the spatial arrangement of the T arm, providing a possible explanation for the discrepancy in reports about the D arm requirement in truncated tRNA substrates for eukaryotic RNase P enzymes. Enhanced reactivities were found near the junction of acceptor and T stem (U6, 7, 8 in pre-tRNA(Phe) and G7, U63, U64 in pre-tRNA(Tyr)). This indicates a partial unfolding of the tRNA structure upon complex formation with RNase P RNA.     

A role for cAMP in angiotensin II mediated inhibition of cell growth in AT1A receptor-transfected CHO-K1 cells

G-protein coupled Angiotensin II receptors (AT_1A), mediate cellular responses through multiple signal transduction pathways. In AT_1A receptor-transfected CHO-K1 cells (T3CHO/AT_1A), angiotensin II (AII) stimulated a dose-dependent (EC₅₀=3.3 nM) increase in cAMP accumulation, which was inhibited by the selective AT₁, nonpeptide receptor antagonist EXP3174. Activation of protein kinase C, or increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ with ATP, the calcium ionophore A23187 or ionomycin failed to stimulate cAMP accumulation. Thus, AII-induced cAMP accumulation was not secondary to activation of a protein kinase C- or Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent pathway. Since cAMP has an established role in cellular growth responses, we investigated the effect of the AII-mediated increase in cAMP on cell number and [³H]thymidine incorporation in T3CHOA/AT_1A cells. AII (1 M) significantly inhibited cell number (51% at 96 h) and [³H]thymidine incorporation (68% at 24 h) compared to vehicle controls. These effects were blocked by EXP3174, confirming that these responses were mediated through the AT₁ receptor. Forskolin (10 M) and the cAMP analog dibutyryl-cAMP (1 mM) also inhibited [³H]thymidine incorporation by 55 and 25% respectively. We extended our investigation on the effect of AII-stimulated increases in cAMP, to determine the role for established growth related signaling events, i.e., mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. AII-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and phosphorylation of the 42 and 44 kD forms. These events were unaffected by forskolin stimulated increases in cAMP, thus the AII-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity was independent of cAMP in these cells. AII also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of cellular proteins in T3CHO/AT_1A cells, in particular a 127 kD protein. The phosphorylation of the 127 kD protein was transient, reaching a maximum at 1 min, and returning to basal levels within 10 min. The dephosphorylation of this protein was blocked by a selective inhibitor of cAMP dependent protein kinase A, H89-dihydrochloride and preexposure to forskolin prevented the AII-induced transient tyrosine phosphorylation of the 127 kD protein. These data suggest that cAMP, and therefore protein kinase A can contribute to AII-mediated growth inhibition by stimulating the dephosphorylation of substrates that are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to AII.     

Regulation of carbon and electron flow in Propionispira arboris: physiological function of hydrogenase and its role in homopropionate formation

Abstract Hydrogenase activity was characterized in cell extracts of Propionispira arboris that consumed or produced H₂, coupled to methyl viologen reduction, and displayed highest levels (2.6 μmol/min/mg protein) in extracts prepared from fumarate-grown cells. Reversible hydrogenase activity in cell extracts correlated with the production of low levels of hydrogen during the growth phase and its subsequent consumption during the stationary phase of cells grown on glucose or lactate as the carbon and energy source. The addition of exogenous hydrogen to glucose, lactate or fumarate-grown cells dramatically increased propionate production at the expense of acetate formation. This accounted for the formation of propionate as nearly the sole end product of glucose fermentation under two atmospheres of hydrogen. The physiological function of hydrogenase in regulation of carbon and electron flow, and the significance of the results in applied and environmental microbiology are discussed.     

Example of a system which is computation universal but not effectively programmable

The incorporation of a chaotic component in a computing system is incompatible with its being effectively programmable. The example presented shows that concepts of programming suitable for biological systems may differ from those which have grown out of our experience with present day digital computers.     

The acid lability of the glycosidic bonds of L-iduronic acid residues in glycosaminoglycans.

Heparan sulphate, heparin and dermatan sulphate were hydrolysed in 0.5M-H2SO4 at 100 degrees C. At intervals portions of the hydrolysate were removed and treated with HNO2 at pH 4.0 to cleave the glycosidic bonds of the N-unsubstituted hexosamine residues and to convert both free and combined hexosamines into anhydrohexoses. These hydrolysis/deamination mixtures were reduced with NaB3H4 and analysed by radiochromatography for alpha-L-iduronosylanhydrohexose, beta-D-glucuronosylanhydrohexose, and the free uronic acids and anhydrohexose. These data gave a kinetic profile of the cleavage of the alpha-L-iduronosyl and the beta-D-glucuronosyl bonds in these glycosaminoglycans. The beta-D-glucuronosyl bonds showed the expected resistance to acid hydrolysis, but the alpha-L-iduronosyl bonds were found to be as labile to acid as some neutral sugar glycosides. This unusual lability of alpha-D-iduronosyl-anhydromannitol and beta-D-glucuronosylanhydromannitol. The procedures used to follow the kinetics of glycosaminoglycan hydrolysis can also be sued to obtain quantitative analyses of L-iduronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and hexosamine in these polymers.     

Polar lobe formation and cytokinesis in fertilized eggs of Ilyanassa obsoleta: III. Large bleb formation caused by Sr2+, ionophores X537A and A23187, and compound 4880

Fertilized eggs of Ilyanassa obsoleta form a protuberance which resembles a normal polar lobe when injected with Sr²⁺ or Ca²⁺ by microiontophoresis. Eggs also form a lobe-like protuberance when exposed to any of three drugs: compound $\text{48}\text{80}$, ionophore X537A, and ionophore A23187. Protuberances form more quickly and at lower drug concentrations if additional exogenous Ca²⁺ is added, whereas higher concentrations of Mg²⁺ do not have such an effect. When eggs are exposed to these drugs in Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺-“free” seawater, with or without 10 mM EDTA, the eggs are still able to undergo extensive shape changes and form protuberances. Drug-induced shape changes are prevented by cytochalasin B, but will still occur in the presence of colchicine. Approximately 75% of Ilyanassa eggs are capable of forming and resorbing their third polar lobe and undergoing cytokinesis in Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺-“free” artificial seawater (even containing 10 mM EDTA), solutions which by atomic absorption spectroscopy are shown to contain low concentrations of Ca²⁺ (3–5 μM) and Mg²⁺ (1.0–3.5 μM). The data suggest that if Ca²⁺ is required for normal polar lobe formation and cytokinesis, it is derived from intracellular sources or is required in only very low exogenous concentrations (i.e., less than 10^?2 μM free Ca²⁺, in the presence of 10 mM EDTA).