2,4-Diaminopyrimidine MK2 inhibitors. Part II: Structure-based inhibitor optimization

We describe structure-based optimization of a series of novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine MK2 inhibitors. Co-crystal structures (see accompanying Letter) demonstrated a unique inhibitor binding mode. Resulting inhibitors had IC₅₀ values as low as 19 nM and moderate selectivity against a kinase panel. Compounds 15, 31a, and 31b inhibit TNFα production in peripheral human monocytes.     

Production of rhamnolipids in solid-state cultivation using a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn bran supplemented with glycerol and soybean oil

Rhamnolipid biosurfactants are attracting attention due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, and good ecological acceptability. However, production in submerged culture is made difficult by severe foaming problems. Solid-state cultivation (SSC) is a promising alternative production method. In the current work, we report the optimization of rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFPEDA 614 on a solid substrate containing sugarcane bagasse and corn bran. The best rhamnolipid production, 45 g/l of impregnating solution used, was obtained with a 50:50 (m/m) mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn bran supplemented with an impregnating solution containing 6% (v/v) of each of glycerol and soybean oil. This level is comparable with those of previous studies undertaken in solid-state cultivation; the composition of the biosurfactant is similar, but our medium is cheaper. Our work therefore provides a suitable basis for future studies of the development of an SSC-based process for rhamnolipid production.     

Male-biased sex ratios in broods of the cooperatively breeding bell miner Manorina melanophrys

We examined the sex ratios of adults and nestlings in the cooperatively breeding bell miner Manorina melanophrys . Males were over-represented among helpers (mean of 6.8 male helpers per nest compared to 0.3 female helpers). 58% of nestlings sampled were identified as male using a molecular genetic marker. This was a significant departure from parity, yet the magnitude of the bias varied between years. The beneficial and male-biased nature of helping behaviour in this species and the similar size of male and female nestlings suggest the net cost of raising males is lower than the cost of raising females. Consequently, the male-biased sex ratio of nestlings we observed is consistent with the predictions of the repayment hypothesis that females may bias the production of their young towards the more helpful sex. Difficulties of generating quantitative predictions from repayment models that can be tested in the field are discussed.     

Isosteric ramatroban analogs: selective and potent CRTH-2 antagonists

The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH-2), also found on eosinophils and basophils, is a prostaglandin D2 receptor involved in the recruitment of these cell types during an inflammatory response. In this report, we describe the synthesis and optimization of a ramatroban isostere that is a selective and potent antagonist of CRTH-2 which may be useful in the treatment of certain diseases.     

New approaches for high-yield purification of Müllerian inhibiting substance improve its bioactivity

We have established a new method to purify Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) with higher purity and recovery over existing procedures. Recombinant human MIS was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and secreted into chemically defined serum-free media. The secreted products were concentrated by either precipitation with ammonium sulfate or lectin-affinity chromatography, each of which was followed by anion-exchange chromatography. Further separation of the active carboxy-terminal domain of MIS was achieved after cleavage by plasmin followed by lectin-affinity chromatography. This method may be applicable to other members of the transforming growth factor beta family with which MIS shares sequence homology.     

Changes in the circulating hemocyte population of Manduca sexta larvae following injection of bacteria

A technique for the collection of stable hemolymph from larvae of Manduca sexta has been developed. The method avoids the cell clumping and melanization reactions commonly encountered with insect hemolymph by minimizing contact between hemocytes and surfaces which provoke defensive or repair responses. The circulating hemocyte population of second-day, fifth-instar larvae (2dL5) of M. sexta consisted of 4.5 ± 2.5 × 10⁶ cells/ml (n = 15, range 2–7 × 10⁶ cells/ml) and contained five cell types: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and oenocytoids. Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which differ in pathogenicity (P11-1 and 9027) and Escherichia coli D31 grew well at 26°C in cell-free hemolymph prepared from naive (nonimmunized) 2dL5 M. sexta. When viable cells of any of the three bacteria were injected into M. sexta larvae, changes in both the total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count were observed. Viable bacteria were not required to produce these changes since formalin-killed cells of P. aeruginosa 9027 produced a qualitatively and quantitatively similar response. Following injection of bacteria, the THC increased, reaching a maximal level at 1 hr postinjection, and remained elevated for at least 4 hr after injection. While prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and spherulocytes all increased in number, 80% of the increased cell population at 1 hr postinjection of bacteria were the latter two cell types. Granulocytes and spherulocytes are cells with recognized defensive capabilities. The increased numbers of these cells in circulation soon after injection of bacteria may confer an advantage on M. sexta larvae in dealing with bacterial infections. This could explain in part the unusual resistance of M. sexta to certain bacterial pathogens.     

Bathycamptus eckmani gen. et spec. nov. (Copepoda,Harpacticoida) with a review of the taxonomic status of certain other deepwater harpacticoids

Bathycamptus eckmani gen. et spec. nov., which is associated with mudballs produced by the. cirratulid Tharyx luticastellus, is described from bathyal muds in San Diego Trough, off California. ?Heteropsyllus minutus Wells from the Haden Ground, Scotland is considered to be its closest relative and is placed in the same genus. The genera Bathycamptus and Psammocamptus Mielke are regarded as sister groups on the basis of the shared sexual dimorphism shown by P3-P4. Relationships with other marine Canthocamptidae are discussed, and a re-evaluation of the genus Hemimesochra Sars is made. It is concluded that this genus should encompass only the type species H. clavularis Sars. ?Leimia dubia Wells and H. nympha Por are transferred to the new genus Boreolimella, which is closely related to Bathycamptus but not to Leimia Willey. The genus Perucamptus gen. nov. is established to include H. rapiens Becker and shows no clear relationship with the other genera. H. trisetosa Coull is assigned to Caroliiaicola gen. nov., which is regarded as being an advanced member of the Paranannopidae. H. secunda Wells is recognised as belonging to Mesopsyllus Por; whilst H. nixe Por is considered the type species of a new genus Pusillargillus.     

Induction of alternative oxidase synthesis by herbicides inhibiting branched-chain amino acid synthesis

Sycamore suspension cells ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) were incubated in the presence of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. These inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS), a key enzyme of branched-chain amino acid synthesis, triggered a dramatic induction of the alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX activity increased in treated cells, eventually exceeding cytochrome (cyt) pathway activity. This induction of AOX activity was correlated with the accumulation of a 35 kDa AOX protein in isolated mitochondria, detected by Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody against Sauromatum guttatum AOX. It was preceded by the accumulation of putative 1.6 kb AOX mRNA, detected using an Aox cDNA probe from soybean. The metabolic perturbations induced by the herbicides rather than the herbicide molecules themselves were responsible for this induction of AOX. However, α-oxobutyrate (one of the substrates of ALS) and its transamination product, α-aminobutyrate, which accumulated after herbicide treatment, were not involved. The inhibition of branched-chain amino acid synthesis was probably somehow responsible for the AOX induction since: (i) a mixture of those amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) prevented AOX induction by ALS inhibitors; (ii) the herbicide Hoe 704, a potent inhibitor of acetolactate reducto-isomerase (the enzyme following ALS in the branched-chain amino acid pathway), also triggered AOX induction.     

Pharmacogenomics - it''s not just pharmacogenetics

New technologies in both combinatorial chemistry and combinatorial biology promise to unlock new opportunities for drug discovery and lead optimisation. Using such genome-based technologies to measure the dynamic properties of pharmacological systems, pharmacogenomics can now provide an objective measure of a drug's biological efficacy, including its potential adverse effects.