基于Lake模型的叶绿素荧光参数在甘蔗苗期抗旱性研究中的应用

为从能量平衡及分配的角度研究干旱胁迫下甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)苗期光系统的运转状况, 进而为丰富不同甘蔗品种的抗旱性评价指标及实现对季节性干旱胁迫的快速诊断提供理论依据, 该研究通过对基于Lake模型的叶绿素荧光参数在不同入射光强下变化的动态分析, 研究光合电子传递链中能量平衡状态对不同水分梯度(40%、25%、10%、8%)的响应。结果表明: 两个供试品种(耐旱品种‘ROC22’和非耐旱品种‘ROC16’)的最大光能利用效率(F_v/F_m)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、光系统II(PSII)量子效率(Φ_II)和光化学猝灭(q_L)均随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而下降, 可调节性能量耗散(Φ_NPQ)和非调节性能量耗散(Φ_NO)则随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而上升。除Φ_NO之外的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度均随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增加而增大。在干旱胁迫的前中期, 相对于‘ROC22’, ‘ROC16’的PSII反应中心能够维持较高的开放程度; 但‘ROC22’调节能量耗散的能力和对干旱胁迫的敏感程度均高于‘ROC16’, 说明较强的光保护能力是‘ROC22’的抗旱性高于‘ROC16’的主要原因之一。对干旱胁迫敏感且在不同PAR下较为稳定的Φ_NO可作为甘蔗苗期抗旱性的快速诊断和评价指标。rETR对递增的PAR的响应表现为随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而提前出现峰值或下降趋势, 但是不同水分梯度下的rETR在PAR较低时并无显著差异, 表明干旱胁迫下光抑制现象的提早出现是造成光系统损伤的首要因素, 高光强对干旱胁迫信号起放大作用。     

黄龙钙化滩流地物种-面积关系

黄龙沟钙化滩流地由于溪流的作用,在滩流地之间形成面积大小不一的植物群落斑块。这些小尺度斑块面积的大小对植物物种数量的影响尚不清楚。应用回归分析法和幂函数方程对黄龙沟钙化滩流地内的物种-面积关系进行了研究。结果表明黄龙沟钙化滩流地中斑块的大小对物种数(含兰科植物)具有强烈的影响,而调查的其他因子对总的植物物种数量的影响不显著。在所调查的环境因子中,斑块面积对物种数量的影响达到79.5%,即斑块越大,所包含的物种数量越多。兰科植物种类数量除了受斑块面积的影响外,还与距离林缘的距离有关(负相关)。物种-面积关系符合幂函数方程S=cA^Z的规律。不同的尺度下,z值略有差异,在中等尺度下 (1-10 m²)最大,为0.2616,较大尺度下(10-100 m²)的最小,z值为0.2050,小尺度下(<1 m²),z值为0.2382。表明中等尺度的斑块(1-10 m²)包含的物种数(含兰科植物)的增长速度最快,而在斑块面积大于10 m²时,物种数增长速度最小。     

二刺角蝉属分类地位的讨论及中国种类的记述（同翅目：角蝉科）

二刺角蝉属ＨｅｍｉｃｅｎｔｕｒｓＭｅｌｉｃｈａｒ的分类地位历来有很大的争议,不同的作者往往把该属放在不同的亚科甚至不同的科中。该属全世界已知５种,均分布于东洋区,我国已记载有二种,即：Ｈ．ｃｏｒｎｕｔｕｓＦｕｎｋｈ．和Ｈ．ａｔｅｎｕａｔｕｓＦｕｎｋｈ．。作者研究了保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆的二刺角蝉属标本５０余件,鉴定出６种,其中有５新种：宽二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｌａｔｕｓ,褐二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｂｒｕｎｎｅｕｓ,细二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｔｅｎｕｉｓ,短二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｂｒｅｖｉｓ,斜二刺角蝉Ｈ．ｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ。并基于详细的形态学、细胞学、幼期形态特征的研究,进一步论证了该属的分类地位,认为应放到角蝉科Ｍｅｍｂｒａｃｉｄａｅ露盾角蝉亚科Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｔｉｎａｅ弧角蝉族Ｌｅｐｔｏｃｅｎｔｒｉｎｉ．。     

Variable T-DNA linkage configuration affects inheritance of carotenogenic transgenes and carotenoid accumulation in transgenic indica rice

Transgenics for the expression of β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in the endosperm were developed in indica rice background by introducing phytoene synthase (psy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI) genes through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, employing non-antibiotic positive selectable marker phosphomannose isomerase (pmi). Twenty-seven transgenic lines were characterized for the structural organization of T-DNA inserts and the expression of transgenes in terms of total carotenoid and β-carotene accumulation in the endosperm. Ten lines were also studied for the inheritance of transgenic loci to the T₁ progenies. Copy number and sites of integration of the transgenes ranged from one to four. Almost 50% of the transgenic lines showed rearrangement of T-DNA inserts. However, most of the rearrangements occurred in the crtI expression cassette which is adjacent to the right T-DNA border. Differences in copy numbers of psy and crtI were also observed indicating partial T-DNA integration. Beyond T-DNA border transfer was also detected in 25% of the lines. Fifty percent of the lines studied showed single Mendelian locus inheritance, while two lines showed bi-locus inheritance in the T₁ progenies. Some of the lines segregating in 3:1 ratio showed two sites of integration on restriction digestion analysis indicating that the T-DNA insertion sites were tightly linked. Three transgenic lines showed nonparental types in the segregating progenies, indicating unstable transgenic locus. Evidences from the HPLC analysis showed that multiple copies of transgenes had a cumulative effect on the accumulation of carotenoid in the endosperm. T₁ progenies, in general, accumulated more carotenoids than their respective parents, the highest being 6.77 μg/g of polished seeds. High variation in the carotenoid accumulation was observed within the T₁ progenies which could be attributed to the variation in the structural organization and expression of transgenes, minor variations in the genetic background within the progeny plants, or differences in the plant microenvironments. The study identified lines worthy of further multiplication and breeding based on transgene structural integrity in the segregating progeny and high expression levels in terms of the β-carotene accumulation.     

两种除草剂对狼毒和棘豆组织结构及膜代谢的影响

研究了自然状况下2种草原毒草狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)在除草剂“灭狼毒”和“灭棘豆”作用下组织结构和膜代谢的变化。在适当剂量的药剂处理下,两种除草剂分别对细胞膜系统产生影响．使膜脂过氧化生成MDA;细胞外渗液的电导率增大。“灭狼毒”和“灭棘豆”都可以使狼毒和棘豆叶片栅栏组织排列呈疏松变化趋势．细胞间隙增大．叶肉细胞结构破坏,形成大的空腔;保卫细胞萎缩．气孔下腔增大。这表明,这两种除草剂在各自作用的植物体内部即能破坏植物细胞的膜结构,引起原生质电解液外漏．导致细胞失水,同时还影响植物的运输机能．进而影响植物的结构,最终导致植物的死亡。     

山西省熊蜂属区系调查(膜翅目,蜜蜂科)

作者在2005～2007年对山西省熊蜂属的区系进行了调查.根据所采集的标本和中国科学院动物研究所馆藏标本,经鉴定该地区有熊蜂属10亚属28种,其中山西省新纪录种7种.另外,作者对该地区的熊蜂区系成分进行了初步的分析.     

Nanoparticle-induced morphological transition of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus: a novel method to treat silkworm grasserie disease

Grasserie, a polyorganotrophic disease caused by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), accounts for lethal infection to fifth instar silkworm larvae. It was found that nanoparticle (NP)-induced morphological transformation of BmNPV polyhedra could reduce the infectivity of BmNPV both in cell line and in silkworm larvae. Initially, 11 NPs were screened for evaluation of their nature of interaction with polyhedra surface through scanning electron microscopy. Amongst these NPs, lipophilically coated silica nanoparticle (SNPL), alumina nanoparticles in the hexagonal close-packed α structure and aspartate capped gold nanoparticle transformed polyhedra were tested for their infectivity in B. mori cell line using cytopathic effect and plaque reduction assay. SNPL was evaluated for its bio-efficacy in fifth instar silkworm larvae. The study of polyhedra morphology as a function of NP concentration showed severe ‘roughening’ of the polyhedra with replacement of the regular facets by a large number of irregular ones by SNPL, and this caused transition of highly infectious polyhedra into a nearly spherical, non-infectious structure. A moderate polyhedra roughening was observed for alumina NPs, and no roughening was noticed for gold NPs. The morphological changes could be correlated with reduction of virus-induced cytopathic effect and plaque formation, and increased survival rate of SNPL transformed polyhedra infected silkworm larvae to 70.09?±?6.61 % after 96 h. In this group, 61.04?±?8.03 % larvae formed normal cocoons from which moths eclosed, laid eggs and larvae emerged. This study could lead to open up newer pathways for designing nano pharmaceuticals to combat other viral diseases.     

Role of ureogenesis in tackling problems of ammonia toxicity during exposure to higher ambient ammonia in the air-breathing walking catfish<Emphasis Type="Italic">clarias batrachus</Emphasis>

In the present study, the possible role of ureogenesis to avoid the accumulation of toxic ammonia to a lethal level under hyper-ammonia stress was tested in the air-breathing walking catfishClarias batrachus by exposing the fish at 25 mM NH₄Cl for 7 days. Excretion of ammonia by the NH₄Cl-exposed fish was totally suppressed, which was accompanied by significant accumulation of ammonia in different body tissues. The walking catfish, which is otherwise predominantly ammoniotelic, turned totally towards ureotelism from ammoniotelism with a 5-to 6-fold increase of urea-N excretion during exposure to higher ambient ammonia. Stimulation of ureogenesis was accompanied with significant increase of some of the key urea cycle enzymes such as carbamyl phosphate synthetase (urea cycle-related), argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase both in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. Due to this unique physiological strategy of turning towards ureotelism from ammoniotelism via the induced urea cycle, this air-breathing catfish is able to survive in very high ambient ammonia, which they face in certain seasons of the year in the natural habitat.     

枸杞果糖激酶基因LbFRK7的克隆及表达分析

该研究以‘宁杞1号’枸杞果实为材料,基于转录组测序TR28373|c0_g1序列,利用RT-PCR技术,克隆出枸杞果糖激酶基因LbFRK7的全长序列为1 060bp,其中,ORF开放阅读框为1 044bp,编码有348个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为37.44kD,理论等电点5.05;LbFRK7编码的氨基酸序列包含有pfkB碳水化合物激酶家族高度保守的3个特异性区域,2个底物识别位点,4个ATP结合位点;LbFRK7与烟草和辣椒的FRP7基因序列相似性较高,达到90%;利用实时荧光定量技术分析发现,不同组织中LbFRK7基因均有表达,且果实中的表达量最高,根中最低;随着果实的发育,果实中LbFRK7基因的表达量呈先升后降的变化趋势,并于开花后15d达到最高。在果实发育前期,LbFRK7基因的表达量与果糖含量的变化趋势相同,但在果实发育中期和后期,LbFRK7基因的表达量与果糖含量的变化趋势相反。相关分析结果显示,LbFRK7表达量与果糖和蔗糖含量的相关系数分别为-0.326和-0.339,但均未达到显著水平。研究表明,LbFRK7基因在枸杞果实发育过程中对果糖转化起到一定作用,特别是在果实成熟过程中对果糖含量的升高具有重要的作用。该研究结果为进一步探讨枸杞LbFRK7的功能及果糖代谢奠定了基础。     

永利煤矿复垦区植物叶片和枯落物生态化学计量学特征

为了明确煤矿复垦区植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置,以内蒙古永利露天煤矿复垦区不同植物群落叶片和枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量(质量含量)及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨煤矿复垦区植物养分状况及限制因子,同时研究叶片和枯落物之间的养分循环状况。结果表明:(1)不同植物类型叶片C含量变化较大,表现为乔木(侧柏537.96 g/kg)最大,草本(沙打旺423.73 g/kg)最小;N、P、K含量变化较小。枯落物中沙棘C含量(417.84 g/kg)显著高于沙打旺、柠条;N、P含量差异显著,氮含量表现为沙打旺(20.30 g/kg)最大,柠条最小,磷含量表现为沙打旺(1.57 g/kg)最大,沙棘最小;沙打旺K含量(6.31 g/kg)显著高于沙棘、柠条。叶片C、N、P、K含量高于枯落物。N、P、K的回收率分别为5.17%—50.16%、4.19%—6.41%、11.27%—23.24%,其中P回流率表现为沙打旺(6.41%)最大,柠条最小;K回流率表现为沙棘(23.24%)最大,柠条最小。(2)灌木、草本植物N/P16,乔木类N/P14,灌木类、草本类生长受制于P,乔木类生长受制于N。结合土壤C、N、P含量,建议在植被恢复初期种植豆科等先锋植物,随着土壤肥力的提高再逐步种植灌木、乔木。