Mitochondrial-derived vesicles compensate for loss of LC3-mediated mitophagy

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Effects of functional interactions between nonhomologous insulators wari and Su(Hw)

Insulators are regulatory DNA elements restricting gene activation by enhancers. Interactions between insulators can lead to both insulation and activation of promoters by enhancers. In this work, we analyzed the effects of interaction of two Drosophila insulators, Wari and Su(Hw). The functional interaction between these insulators was found to enhance the activity of the Su(Hw) insulator only, but not of the Wari insulator. This suggests that the formation of a chromatin loop between interacting insulators is not a key factor for enhancement of insulation, which is in disagreement with the main idea of structural models. In addition, the effect of interaction between Wari and Su(Hw) depends on a distance between them and on the position in the system relative to other regulatory elements.     

Spontaneous rearrangements in RNA sequences.

The ability of RNAs to spontaneously rearrange their sequences under physiological conditions is demonstrated using the molecular colony technique, which allows single RNA molecules to be detected provided that they are amplifiable by the replicase of bacteriophage Qbeta. The rearrangements are Mg2+-dependent, sequence-non-specific, and occur both in trans and in cis at a rate of 10(-9) h(-1) per site. The results suggest that the mechanism of spontaneous RNA rearrangements differs from the transesterification reactions earlier observed in the presence of Qbeta replicase, and have a number of biologically important implications.