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101.
Nagababu E Ramasamy S Abernethy DR Rifkind JM 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(47):46349-46356
Recent studies have generated a great deal of interest in a possible role for red blood cells in the transport of nitric oxide (NO) to the microcirculation and the vascular effect of this nitric oxide in facilitating the flow of blood through the microcirculation. Many questions have, however, been raised regarding such a mechanism. We have instead identified a completely new mechanism to explain the role of red cells in the delivery of NO to the microcirculation. This new mechanism results in the production of NO in the microcirculation where it is needed. Nitrite produced when NO reacts with oxygen in arterial blood is reutilized in the arterioles when the partial pressure of oxygen decreases and the deoxygenated hemoglobin formed reduces the nitrite regenerating NO. Nitrite reduction by hemoglobin results in a major fraction of the NO generated retained in the intermediate state where NO is bound to Hb(III) and in equilibrium with the nitrosonium cation bound to Hb(II). This pool of NO, unlike Hb(II)NO, is weakly bound and can be released from the heme. The instability of Hb(III)NO in oxygen and its displacement when flushed with argon requires that reliable determinations of red blood cell NO must be performed on freshly lysed samples without permitting the sample to be oxygenated. In fresh blood samples Hb(III)NO accounts for 75% of the red cell NO with appreciably higher values in venous blood than arterial blood. These findings confirm that nitrite reduction at reduced oxygen pressures is a major source for red cell NO. The formation and potential release from the red cell of this NO could have a major impact in regulating the flow of blood through the microcirculation. 相似文献
102.
Pratt RG 《Mycopathologia》2006,162(2):121-131
Germination of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina was quantified by direct microscopic observation following application of experimental treatments in vitro and incubation of sclerotia in soil. To assay germination, pieces of agar containing sclerotia were macerated in dilute,
liquid cornmeal agar on glass slides; thinly spread; and incubated in a saturated atmosphere for 18–22 h. Germinated sclerotia
then were identified by morphological features of germ hyphae. Frequencies of germination were similar in three dilute agar
media. Germination was not affected by air-drying sclerotia for 2 weeks, but it was significantly reduced after 4 weeks and
greatly reduced or eliminated after 6 or 8 weeks. Survival of sclerotia for 14 days in soil was greatest at 50, 75, and 100%
moisture-holding capacity, less at 0 and 25%, and least at 125% (flooded soil). Incorporation of ground poultry litter into
soil at 5% by weight reduced survival of sclerotia after 13 days, and incorporation of litter at 10% nearly eliminated it.
These results indicate that the direct-observation technique may be used to evaluate animal wastes and other agricultural
byproducts for biocontrol activity against sclerotia of M. phaseolina in soil. 相似文献
103.
Pratt RG 《Mycopathologia》2006,162(2):133-140
Nine species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum were compared for sporulation on agar media and for enhancement of sporulation by growth on four cellulose-containing substrates
(index card, filter paper, cheesecloth, cotton fabric). On two natural and one synthetic agar media, sporulation varied from
profuse to nonexistent among three isolates of each species. Growth of all species on cellulose substrates resulted in large
and significant increases in sporulation. Growth on index card pieces often provided the greatest increases, but no single
substrate was superior for all species, and significant substrate × isolate interactions were observed within species. Overlay
of filter paper onto whole colonies in agar plates resulted in 2 to 18-fold increases in sporulation for eight of nine species
and production of spores in sufficient quantity for most experimental purposes. Overlay of soil dilution plates with filter
paper to promote sporulation of colonies enabled detection of B. spicifera, B. hawaiiensis, C. lunata, and E. rostratum at relatively low population levels (≤1.3 × 103 colony-forming units per gram of soil) in samples of a naturally infested soil. Results indicate that enhancement of sporulation
by growth of species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum on cellulose substrates may facilitate (i) their identification in culture, (ii) production of spores at relatively high
concentrations, and (iii) detection and enumeration of these fungi in soil. 相似文献
104.
Environmental variables such as pH critically affect the physiology and ecology of aquatic organisms. Our lack of information regarding indirect effects of acid precipitation requires investigation of acid stress and response to acid stress by species of freshwater communities. Damselfly nymphs Enallagma civile (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) are abundant aquatic predators and food items for other secondary consumers.We investigated the effects of low pH on mortality, survivorship, predation rate, respiration rate, and caloric content of nymphs of E. civile. We hypothesized that acid stress would increase mortality and decrease predation rate among surviving individuals. We hypothesized that respiration rate and caloric content as measures of physiological condition would decrease in acid-stress conditions.We cultured individual early-instar nymphs in the laboratory with a controlled diet of mosquito larvae. The nymphs were reared to final instar in pond water and artificially reconstituted soft water (RSW) adjusted to pH 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and ambient conditions of the collection site.Predation rate was significantly lower in RSW than in pond water in treatments of equivalent H+ concentrations. This indicated stress from differences in dissolved solids in RSW compared with pond water. Acid conditions significantly affected predation rates in pond water, but only at pH 3.5 and only for the largest instar. Mortality increased and survivorship decreased at low pH. Early-instar mortality and survivorship were particularly susceptible to acid stress. Treatments of pH 4.5, 5.5 and ambient did not significantly alter respiration rate or caloric content. However, respiration rate and caloric content increased at pH 3.5.Damselfly nymphs tolerated pHs as low as 4.5 without significant changes (including predation rate). However, the effects of pH 3.5 were significant and greatly lowered the predation and fitness of the nymphs.author for correspondence 相似文献
105.
Male aggression,limited female choice and the ontogeny of mating behaviour in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis 下载免费PDF全文
J. Dylan Shropshire Darrell Moore Edith Seier Karl H. Joplin 《Physiological Entomology》2015,40(4):325-335
Previous work has shown that male flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart) exhibit an ontogeny of behaviour from eclosion through sexual maturity that includes extensive changes in the expression of aggressive, non‐aggressive interactive and non‐interactive behaviours. To determine how the presence of a female flesh fly influences the manifestation of these behaviours, male flesh flies of different ages post‐eclosion are paired with same‐age females and their behaviours are monitored in a simple arena during a 50‐min observation period. All flies are socially isolated until pairing. Although the levels of expression of aggressive and non‐aggressive interactive behaviours are depressed relative to previous findings in male‐opponent pairs, the ontogeny of aggression still occurs as indicated by a significant increase, with age, in the agonistic behaviour ‘hold’. Similar to male‐opponent pairs and individual males, the performance by males of the non‐interactive behaviours ‘walking’ and ‘standing’ diminishes, whereas ‘upside‐down’ increases with age. By contrast, ‘grooming’ shows a significant age‐related decline. No courtship behaviours are observed in the males, although the aggressive behaviour ‘hold’ is a significant transition to mating. Females show no obvious courtship or rejection behaviours, although the significant increase in ‘upside‐down’ with age could possibly be a behavioural gateway to mating. The results of this study indicate that extensive age‐related changes encompassing the entire behavioural repertoire are intrinsic to male flesh flies and persist under a variety of different social contexts. 相似文献
106.
Heather L. Blackburn Bradley Schroeder Clesson Turner Craig D. Shriver Darrell L. Ellsworth Rachel E. Ellsworth 《Current Genomics》2015,16(3):159-174
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies allow for the generation of whole exome or whole genome sequencing data, which can be used to identify novel genetic alterations associated
with defined phenotypes or to expedite discovery of functional variants for improved patient care. Because this robust technology has the ability to identify all mutations within a genome, incidental findings
(IF)- genetic alterations associated with conditions or diseases unrelated to the patient’s present condition for which current tests are being performed- may have important clinical ramifications. The
current debate among genetic scientists and clinicians focuses on the following questions: 1) should any IF be disclosed to patients, and 2) which IF should be disclosed – actionable mutations, variants of unknown significance, or all IF? Policies
for disclosure of IF are being developed for when and how to convey these findings and whether adults, minors, or individuals unable to provide consent have the right to refuse receipt of IF. In this review, we detail current NGS technology
platforms, discuss pressing issues regarding disclosure of IF, and how IF are currently being handled in prenatal, pediatric,
and adult patients. 相似文献
107.
Laura H. Graham Jeff Bolling Gary Miller Nancy Pratt‐Hawkes Sharon Joseph 《Zoo biology》2002,21(4):403-408
Circulating patterns of progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant have been well characterized, and routine monitoring of these hormones is now viewed as a valuable tool for making informed decisions about the reproductive management of elephants in captivity. Currently, LH monitoring in elephants is done with radio‐immunoassays (RIAs); unfortunately, the use of radioactive materials in RIAs limits their application to institutions with laboratory facilities equipped for the storage and disposal of radioactive waste. Enzyme‐immunoassays (EIAs) offer an inexpensive and more zoo‐friendly alternative to RIA. This work reports on an EIA capable of quantifying circulating LH in African elephants. The EIA employs a biotin label and microtiter plates coated with goat anti‐mouse gamma globulin. LH surges in African elephants (n=3) increased fivefold over baseline concentrations (1.00±0.1 ng/ml vs. 0.2±0.1 ng/ml) and occurred 19.3±0.2 days apart. Ovulatory LH surges were associated with an increase in serum progestogens from 4.8±0.4 ng/ml to 11.7±0.4 ng/ml. The ability to quantify reproductive hormones in elephants via EIA is an important step in the process of making endocrine monitoring more accessible to zoos housing these species. Zoo Biol 21:403–408, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
108.
Malcolm Pratt Frisbei William A. Dunson 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1988,158(1):91-98
Summary Sodium and water balance ofDytiscus verticalis in fresh water were investigated under three feeding regimes: unfed, and fed a diet either low or high in sodium chloride. Unfed sodium influx was 0.13 and sodium efflux was 0.74 moles/100 gwm·h. These values are low in comparison with most freshwater animals. The electrical potential difference across the integument in artificial soft water (ASW) was about 150 mV smaller than the potential necessary to maintain sodium balance in the absence of active transport. However, sodium influx did not show saturation kinetics over an external concentration range of 91 to 1725 M. Unfed beetles failed to arrest net sodium loss to baths that were initially distilled water or ASW, even when bath sodium concentrations reached 75–298 M. The long-term rate of net sodium loss ranged from 0.61 to 4.4 moles/100 gwm·h for four sets of animals. Beetles decreased sodium efflux during a period of fasting. During subsequent feeding, beetles fed a high sodium diet (HSD) increased sodium efflux while beetles fed a low sodium diet (LSD) maintained low rates of sodium efflux. HSD fed beetles increased body sodium and hemolymph sodium concentration, and expanded extracellular fluid, relative to LSD fed beetles. Thus beetles cannot achieve sodium balance in fresh water without dietary sodium input, although they are able to regulate sodium loss.Abbreviations
gwm
grams wet mass
-
ASW
artificial soft water
-
DW
distilled water
-
HSD
high sodium diet
-
LSD
low sodium diet
-
ECF
extracellular fluid volume 相似文献
109.
Identification of NADPH oxidase as a key mediator in the post‐ischemia‐induced sequestration and degradation of the GluA2 AMPA receptor subunit 下载免费PDF全文
Phillip H. Beske Nicole M. Byrnes Fanny Astruc‐Diaz Darrell A. Jackson 《Journal of neurochemistry》2015,132(5):504-519
A hallmark of ischemic/reperfusion injury is a change in subunit composition of synaptic 2‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoazol‐4‐yl)propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). This change in AMPAR subunit composition leads to an increase in surface expression of GluA2‐lacking Ca2+/Zn2+ permeable AMPARs. These GluA2‐lacking AMPARs play a key role in promoting delayed neuronal death following ischemic injury. At present, the mechanism(s) responsible for the ischemia/reperfusion‐induced subunit composition switch and degradation of the GluA2 subunit remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of NADPH oxidase, and its importance in mediating endocytosis and subsequent degradation of the GluA2 AMPAR subunit in adult rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. In hippocampal slices pre‐treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin attenuated OGD/R‐mediated sequestration of GluA2 and GluA1 as well as prevent the degradation of GluA2. We provide compelling evidence that NADPH oxidase mediated sequestration of GluA1‐ and GluA2‐ involved activation of p38 MAPK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of NADPH oxidase blunts the OGD/R‐induced association of GluA2 with protein interacting with C kinase‐1. In summary, this study identifies a novel mechanism that may underlie the ischemia/reperfusion‐induced AMPAR subunit composition switch and a potential therapeutic target.
110.