全文获取类型
收费全文 | 48019篇 |
免费 | 4213篇 |
国内免费 | 447篇 |
专业分类
52679篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 314篇 |
2022年 | 725篇 |
2021年 | 1446篇 |
2020年 | 879篇 |
2019年 | 1049篇 |
2018年 | 1228篇 |
2017年 | 1022篇 |
2016年 | 1565篇 |
2015年 | 2534篇 |
2014年 | 2815篇 |
2013年 | 3047篇 |
2012年 | 4109篇 |
2011年 | 3744篇 |
2010年 | 2398篇 |
2009年 | 2003篇 |
2008年 | 2865篇 |
2007年 | 2735篇 |
2006年 | 2501篇 |
2005年 | 2311篇 |
2004年 | 2106篇 |
2003年 | 1965篇 |
2002年 | 1835篇 |
2001年 | 509篇 |
2000年 | 424篇 |
1999年 | 478篇 |
1998年 | 496篇 |
1997年 | 354篇 |
1996年 | 322篇 |
1995年 | 268篇 |
1994年 | 277篇 |
1993年 | 267篇 |
1992年 | 306篇 |
1991年 | 279篇 |
1990年 | 265篇 |
1989年 | 226篇 |
1988年 | 220篇 |
1987年 | 229篇 |
1986年 | 173篇 |
1985年 | 166篇 |
1984年 | 198篇 |
1983年 | 144篇 |
1982年 | 178篇 |
1981年 | 157篇 |
1980年 | 155篇 |
1979年 | 129篇 |
1978年 | 126篇 |
1977年 | 120篇 |
1976年 | 92篇 |
1975年 | 89篇 |
1973年 | 104篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
A winter bloom dominated by Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle (Bacillariophyceae), a potential domoic acid producer, is reported for the first time in the Aegean Sea, Greece, in a semi-enclosed embayment (Kalloni Gulf) surrounded by agricultural land and drained by intermittent rivers. Abundances of this species in the inner part of the Gulf during February were extremely high (max 1.1 × 107 cells l−1). The species Alexandrium insuetum Balech (Dinophyceae) was also found in considerable cell numbers (max 1.4 × 105 cells l−1) during the bloom and reached up to 40% of the total biovolume. This study demonstrates an evident cause and effect relationship between nutrient inflows originating from agricultural activities in the watershed and the development of a potential HAB. The massive bloom formation was observed soon after an episodic rainfall event during the fertilizer application period (December to February). A bloom was also observed the following year, but it was less pronounced due to the fact that rainfalls were more evenly spaced in time and were of moderate intensity. 相似文献
12.
Keith G. Danielson Janice E. Knepper Frances S. Kittrell Janet S. Butel Daniel Medina Elisa M. Durban 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1989,25(6):535-543
Summary Clonal populations were isolated from the mouse mammary cell line, COMMA-D, by transfection with a dominant-selectable gene,
pSV2Neo, which confers resistance to the antibiotic, G418. Seven of twenty-four clones isolated retained the ability of the
parental line to repopulate cleared mammary fat pads in vivo as ductal-alveolar hyperplasias. Two sublines designated CDNR2
and CDNR4 retained hyperplastic growth potential after multiple passages in vitro with low incidence of tumor formation. A
third subpopulation, CDNR1, contained a single integration site for the pSV2Neo plasmid indicating a bonafide clonal origin
for this subline. CDNR1 cells displayed heterogeneous growth phenotypes in vivo including hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma, and
bone formation. Functional differentiation of CDNR1 cells organized as alveolarlike structures in vivo or on floating collagen
gels in vitro was observed as determined by immunoperoxidase staining for the milk-specific protein, casein. Overall, the
results indicate that a subset of cells from the COMMA-D cell line may be functionally analogous to stem cells existing in
the mammary gland.
Supported by NCI research grants CA-38650, CA-33369, CA-39017, and CA-25215. 相似文献
13.
Daniel A. Vardy Csaba Kari Gerald S. Lazarus Pamela J. Jensen Asher Zilberstein Gregory D. Plowman Ulrich Rodeck 《Journal of cellular physiology》1995,163(2):257-265
Autocrine activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor on keratinocytes has been recognized as an important growth regulatory mechanism involved in epithelial homeostasis, and, possibly, hyperproliferative diseases. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and insulin have been shown to be paracrine keratinocyte mitogens that bind to the type I IGF receptor which is expressed on actively proliferating keratinocytes in situ. In this report, we demonstrate that IGF-1/insulin induced production of keratinocyte-derived autocrine growth factors that bind to the EGF receptor. Increased steady-state mRNA levels for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and for amphiregulin (AR) were observed upon incubation of keratinocytes with mitogenic concentrations of IGF-1. IGF-1 also induced production and secretion of TGF-α and AR proteins as detected by immunoassays. An EGF receptor antagonistic monoclonal antibody abolished the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 on cultured keratinocytes. These results suggest that stimulation of keratinocyte growth by IGF-1 requires activation of an EGF receptor-mediated autocrine loop. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
14.
Kathryn L. Butler Vijayakrishnan Ambravaneswaran Nitin Agrawal Maryelizabeth Bilodeau Mehmet Toner Ronald G. Tompkins Shawn Fagan Daniel Irimia 《PloS one》2010,5(7)
Thermal injury triggers a fulminant inflammatory cascade that heralds shock, end-organ failure, and ultimately sepsis and death. Emerging evidence points to a critical role for the innate immune system, and several studies had documented concurrent impairment in neutrophil chemotaxis with these post-burn inflammatory changes. While a few studies suggest that a link between neutrophil motility and patient mortality might exist, so far, cumbersome assays have prohibited exploration of the prognostic and diagnostic significance of chemotaxis after burn injury. To address this need, we developed a microfluidic device that is simple to operate and allows for precise and robust measurements of chemotaxis speed and persistence characteristics at single-cell resolution. Using this assay, we established a reference set of migration speed values for neutrophils from healthy subjects. Comparisons with samples from burn patients revealed impaired directional migration speed starting as early as 24 hours after burn injury, reaching a minimum at 72–120 hours, correlated to the size of the burn injury and potentially serving as an early indicator for concurrent infections. Further characterization of neutrophil chemotaxis using this new assay may have important diagnostic implications not only for burn patients but also for patients afflicted by other diseases that compromise neutrophil functions. 相似文献
15.
16.
Clinical experience of phototherapy for non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia in 3999 infants in Kandang Kerbau Hospital, Singapore, is documented. Phototherapy was most effective in extremely preterm infants with very low birth weight (gestation less than or equal to 32 weeks, birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g) and least effective in full term infants with very low birth weight (gestation greater than or equal to 37 weeks, birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g) and large preterm infants (gestation less than 37 weeks, birth weight greater than 2270 g). Overall, phototherapy was effective in almost all the infants, with a failure rate of only 2.00/1000 infants. No characteristic features common to all the failures could be detected. The bilirubin rebound was usually mild; repeat phototherapy was required in only 30 infants (7.50/1000), with the response to the second exposure comparable to that to the first. No infant required a third exposure. All the infants tolerated phototherapy well, none developing any illness that could be attributed to the treatment. This clinical experience shows that phototherapy for the treatment of nonhaemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia is effective and safe. 相似文献
17.
18.
19.
20.