全文获取类型
收费全文 | 53232篇 |
免费 | 4711篇 |
国内免费 | 36篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 377篇 |
2022年 | 589篇 |
2021年 | 1292篇 |
2020年 | 823篇 |
2019年 | 1000篇 |
2018年 | 1480篇 |
2017年 | 1239篇 |
2016年 | 1712篇 |
2015年 | 2412篇 |
2014年 | 2669篇 |
2013年 | 3159篇 |
2012年 | 4468篇 |
2011年 | 4303篇 |
2010年 | 2616篇 |
2009年 | 2121篇 |
2008年 | 3344篇 |
2007年 | 3212篇 |
2006年 | 2978篇 |
2005年 | 2664篇 |
2004年 | 2533篇 |
2003年 | 2380篇 |
2002年 | 2188篇 |
2001年 | 769篇 |
2000年 | 782篇 |
1999年 | 615篇 |
1998年 | 558篇 |
1997年 | 375篇 |
1996年 | 343篇 |
1995年 | 291篇 |
1994年 | 295篇 |
1993年 | 300篇 |
1992年 | 306篇 |
1991年 | 289篇 |
1990年 | 244篇 |
1989年 | 205篇 |
1988年 | 220篇 |
1987年 | 213篇 |
1986年 | 153篇 |
1985年 | 179篇 |
1984年 | 195篇 |
1983年 | 152篇 |
1982年 | 188篇 |
1981年 | 169篇 |
1980年 | 156篇 |
1979年 | 131篇 |
1978年 | 136篇 |
1977年 | 117篇 |
1976年 | 100篇 |
1974年 | 91篇 |
1973年 | 102篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
161.
Evidence Against the Involvement of Ionically Bound Cell Wall Proteins in Pea Epicotyl Growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ionically bound cell wall proteins were extracted from 7 day old etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska) epicotyls with 3 molar LiCl. Polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits against the cell wall proteins. Growth assays showed that treatment of growing region segments (5-7 millimeters) of peas with either dialyzed serum, serum globulin fraction, affinity purified immunoglobulin, or papain-cleaved antibody fragments had no effect on growth. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed antibody binding to cell walls and penetration of the antibodies into the tissues. Western blot analysis, immunoassay results, and affinity chromatography utilizing Sepharose-bound antibodies confirmed recognition of the protein preparation by the antibodies. Experiments employing in vitro extension as a screening measure indicated no effect upon extension by antibodies, by 50 millimolar LiCl perfusion of the apoplast or by 3 molar LiCl extraction. Addition of cell wall protein to protease pretreated segments did not restore extension nor did addition of cell wall protein to untreated segments increase extension. It is concluded that, although evidence suggests that protein is responsible for the process of extension, the class(es) of proteins which are extracted from pea cell walls with 3 molar LiCl are probably not involved in this process. 相似文献
162.
C D Warren P F Daniel B Bugge J E Evans L F James R W Jeanloz 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1988,263(29):15041-15049
Eleven oligosaccharides were purified form the urine of sheep with swainsonine toxicosis induced by the feeding of Astragalus lentiginosus. Oligosaccharides were extracted by charcoal adsorption, chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-2, and partially fractionated by preparative-layer chromatography. Separation into individual compounds was completed by semi-preparative high pressure liquid chromatography. Structures were determined by a combination of high pressure liquid chromatography and exo- and endo- glycosidase action, methanolysis followed by gas-liquid chromatography, methylation analysis, and high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two homologous series of oligosaccharides were identified: (a) alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp+ ++-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp+ ++-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, and alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp+ ++-(1----3)-[alpha- D-Manp-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc (minor series); (b) alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc- (1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-beta-D-Manp -(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp(1----3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp -(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc- (1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-beta-D-Manp++ +-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc - (1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)-[alpha-D-Manp -(1----3)]-beta-D- Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-alpha-D-Man p-(1----6)-beta-D- Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----4)-D-GlcpNAc, and alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1----6)]-alpha-D-Man p-(1----6)- [alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)]-beta-D-Manp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc- (1----4)-D- GlcpNAc (major series). 相似文献
163.
Air-grown cells of a marine, small-celled (2 m diameter) strain of Stichococcus bacillaris contained appreciable carbonic-anhydrase activity but this was repressed when cells were grown on air enriched with 5% (v/v) CO2. Assay of carbonic-anhydrase activity using intact cells and cell extracts showed all activity was intracellular in this Stichococcus strain. Measurement of inorganic-carbon-dependent photosynthetic O2 evolution at pH 5.0, where CO2 is the predominant form of inorganic carbon, showed that the concentration of inorganic carbon required for half-maximal rate of photosynthetic O2 evolution [K0.5(CO2)] was 4.0 M for both air- and CO2-grown cells. At pH 8.3 the K0.5(CO2) was 0.3 mM for air-grown and 0.6 mM for CO2-grown cells. Sodium ions did not enhance bicarbonate utilization. Measurement of the internal inorganic-carbon pool (HCO
3
–
+CO2) by the silicone-oil-layer centrifugal filtering technique showed that air- and CO2-grown cells were able to concentrate inorganic carbon up to 20-fold in relation to the external medium at pH 5.0 but not at pH 8.3. In this alga the high affinity for CO2 and inorganic-carbon accumulation in CO2- and air-grown cells results from active CO2 transport that is not dependent on carbonic-anhydrase activity.Abbreviation Hepes
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid 相似文献
164.
A small group of chimpanzees was allowed to manipulate different quantities of novel objects in order to enhance their captive conditions. This procedure led to a general increase in the manipulation frequency by the apes. It decreased their inactivity and their self-grooming, and almost eliminated the abnormal behaviors displayed by one individual. The distribution of novel objects did not affect the total frequency of social interactions and did not increase the aggressivity of the animals, even though dominant individuals secured most of the objects when only a small number of them were available. Following their familiarization with the novel objects, the chimpanzees' manipulation frequency decreased whereas self-grooming and abnormal behaviors were increased. Suggestions are made on how to maximize the use of a limited bank of toys to occupy captive chimpanzees. 相似文献
165.
166.
Terry L. Riss Kenneth P. Karey B. Daniel Burleigh David Farker David A. Sirbasku 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1988,24(11):1099-1106
Summary A serum-free clonal density growth assay was developed for the quantification of the biological activity of human recombinant
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The assay measures IGF-I stimulated growth of Balb/c 3T3 cells cultured over 4 d on
poly-d-lysine-coated plastic surfaces in a serum-free medium formulation composed of a 1∶1 (vol/vol) mixture of Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's
modified Eagle's media, supplemented with 3.0 ng/ml bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 10 μg/ml human transferrin,
100 μg/ml ovalbumin, and 1.0 μM dexamethanose. Low-temperature trypsinization of serum-supplemented stock cultures combined with the use of poly-d-lysine-coated plates made it unnecessary to use serum or fibronectin to promote cell attachment and survival. Serum-free
growth conditions were optimized with respect to the concentrations of the supplements. Addition of IGF-I resulted in 3.5-fold
more cells than control cultures without IGF-I after 4 d. Deletion of bFGF resulted in no IGF-I stimulation of growth. The
concentrations of various preparations of IGF-I required to achieve one-half maximal stimulation of cell number (ED50), ranged between 1.25 and 4.7 ng/ml. In parallel assays, IGF-I was 6.6 times more potent than human recombinant insulin-like
growth factor II and 32 times more potent than insulin. When cells were seeded into medium containing IGF-I, transferrin,
ovalbumin, and dexamethasone but no bFGF, growth was minimal. Dose-response addition of bFGF showed an ED50, of 0.9 ng/ml. The methods reported are useful to monitor the biological potency of recombinant and natural-source growth
factors as well as providing a new means of studying the multiple growth factor requirements of Balb/c 3T3 cells in cultures.
This work was supported by a contract from IMCERA Bioproducts, Inc. 相似文献
167.
Allison A. Welder Tina Machu Steven W. Leslie Richard E. Wilcox June Bradlaw Daniel Acosta 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1988,24(8):771-777
Summary Primary mycolardial cell cultures and freshly isolated cardiac cells in suspension resprensent two isolated, whole cell models
for investigating cellular transsarcolemmal45Ca++ exchange in response to a receptor-coupled stimulus. Studies were performed to characterize beta-adrenergic receptor binding,
beta-adrenergic receptor mediated cellular calcium (45Ca++) exchange, and viability in purified primary myocardial cell cultures and freshly isolated cardiac cells in suspension obtained
from 3-to 3-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, beta-adrenergic receptor binding was characterized in whole-heart crude
membrane preparations. All three preparations had saturable beta-adrenergic binding sites with the antagonist [125I]iodopindolol ([125I]IPIN). The suspensions had a significantly lower B
max
(42±6 fmol/mg protein) than the membranes and cultures (77±8 and 95±10 fmol/mg protein, respectively). The K
D
of the cultures (218±2.0 pM) was significantly higher than that for the suspensions (107 ±1.3 pM) and membranes (93±1.3 pM). Viability was significantly lower in the suspensions (57%) when compared to 94% viability in myocardial cell cultures after
3 h of incubation in Kreb's Henseleit buffer. Incubation of the cultures with 5.0×10−7
M isoproterenol resulted in a significant increase in45Ca++ exchange as early as 15 s. In contrast,45Ca++ exchange into the suspensions was not increased. Although both primary cell cultures and cardiac cells in suspension possess
saturable beta-adrenergic receptors, only the monolayer cultures exhibited functional beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated45Ca++ exchange. Of the two intact cell models investigated, these data suggest that primary myocardial cell cultures are more suitable
than cell suspensions for investigating beta-adrenergic receptor binding and functions in the postnatal rat heart.
This research was supported by The University of Texas Research Institute, a grant from the Texas Advanced Research Technology
Program awarded to S. W. Leslie and R. E. Wilcox, and contract 223-86-2109 from the Food and Drug Administration. 相似文献
168.
Kenneth P. Karey Terry L. Riss B. Daniel Burleigh David Parker David A. Sirbasku 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1988,24(11):1107-1113
Summary The binding of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) to BALB/c 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts has been characterized,
resulting in the development of a radioreceptor assay. Binding of radioiodinated IGF-I (125I-IGF-I) to washed monolayers of BALB/c 3T3 cells was specific, time dependent, and stable, being maximal after a 10-h incubation
at 15°C with no loss of bound ligand or cells through 25 h. Scatchard analysis identified a class of high affinity binding
sites with K
d
=59.6 pM and an estimated 1.57×105 receptors/cell. Half-maximal displacement of bound125I-IGF-I occurred with 15 to 20 ng/ml unlabeled IGF-I competitor. Insulin-like growth factor II and insulin were far less effective
competitors, providing halfmaximal displacement at concentrations of 130 to 170 ng/ml and 2 to 3 μg/ml, respectively. Epidermal
growth factor, transforming growth factor type α, and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors did not compete for125I-IGF-I binding at 1 μg/ml. Cells fixed with glutaraldehyde before ligand binding did remain attached to culture dishes more
tightly; however such pretreatment destroyed approximately 70% of ligand binding. Crosslinking data indicated that125I-IGF-I binds specifically to a 330-kDalton receptor as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
under nonreducing conditions. This receptor dissociated into 130-kDalton subunits when analyzed in the presence of dithiothreitol.
This work was supported by a contract from IMCERA Bioproducts, Inc. 相似文献
169.
Daniel J. Cox William R. Carter Linda A. Gonder-Frederick William L. Clarke Stephen L. Pohl 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1988,13(3):201-217
Self-management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is dependent on a negative feedback loop of blood glucose (BG) fluctuations, which in turn directs treatment decisions to maintain normal BG. Although this feedback is typically accomplished by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), SMBG has limitations, and patients often rely on what their BG feels like. Two studies were performed to evaluate whether patients could learn to more accurately feel/discriminate their BG on the basis of internal cues or internal plus external BG cues. In Study I, BG Awareness Training significantly improved pre- to posttreatment BG estimation accuracy, relative to a control group. Study II replicated BG Awareness Training efficacy in improving BG estimation accuracy. Improvement in estimation accuracy was related only to initial accuracy; those who were initially less accurate improved the most. This improvement was represented in a 31% reduction in dangerous BG estimation errors and a 9% increase in accurate estimates. Resulting estimations were, however, still significantly less accurate than SMBG at the end of training.This research was supported by NIH grants AM282880, AM24177, AM22125, and RR00847 and by the Ames Company. The authors express their appreciation for the contribution made by trainers Leslie Butterfield and Linda Zimbelman, by the nursing staff at the University of Virginia's Clinical Research Center and the Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, and by Dr. James May from the Medical College of Virginia in soliciting subjects. We would also like to thank Andrea Snyder for her assistance. 相似文献
170.
Definition and identification of homology domains 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A method is described for identifying and evaluating regionsof significant similarity between two sequences. The notionof a homology domain is employed which definesthe boundaries of a region of sequence homology containing noinsertions or deletions. The relative significance of differentpotential homology domains is evaluated using a non-linear similarityscore related to the probability of finding the observed levelof similarity in the region by chance. The sensitivity of themethod is demonstrated by simulating the evolution of homologydomains and applying the method to their detection. Severalexamples of the use of homology domain identification are given.
Received on July 29, 1987; accepted on November 15, 1987 相似文献