Suppression of antibody synthesis to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin in contact-sensitized guinea pigs.

The anti-DNP response to DNP-BGG is substantially suppressed in guinea pigs sensitized to DNCB. The degree of antibody suppression varies with the mode of skin sensitization and with the degree of conjugation of the challenging immunogen. Suppression of the anti-HSA response was also induced by the prior injection of CFA.     

Electroencephalographic changes in the lateral septum complex following systemic administration of DES-TYR1 -α-endorphin,Des-Tyr1-γ-endorphin and haloperidol in rats

The influence of systemically administered Des-Tyr¹-α-endorphin (DTαE), Des-Tyr¹-γ-endorphin (DTγE) and haloperidol on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the lateral septum complex (LSC) and the frontal cortex was studied in male rats. DTαE (2 μg) significantly increased whereas DTγE (10 μg) significantly decreased the amounts of activity in the 5 Hz band. In addition, DTαE promoted production of 15 - 20 Hz activity, while DTγE decreased the amount of 20 - 30 Hz activity. EEG activity exhibited a marked variability which persisted throughout the recording session following administration of the peptides. Haloperidol markedly decreased the proportion of 10 - 15 Hz activity. The alterations in EEG of the frontal cortex were similar to those in LSC but less pronounced. The differences in the time course and frequency bands affected suggest that the effects of peptides and haloperidol on EEG activity of LSC are not mediated by the same mechanisms.     

Rabbit small intestine does not contain an annexin II/caveolin 1 complex as a target for 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors

Intestinal cholesterol absorption is specifically inhibited by the 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. Photoreactive ezetimibe analogues specifically label a 145-kDa protein in the brush border membrane of enterocytes from rabbit small intestine identified as aminopeptidase N (CD13). In zebrafish and mouse small intestinal cytosol, a heterocomplex of M_r 52 kDa between annexin II and caveolin 1 was suggested as a target of ezetimibe. In contrast, in the cytosol and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from rabbit small intestine of control animals or rabbits treated with the nonabsorbable cholesterol absorption inhibitor AVE 5530, both annexin II and caveolin 1 were exclusively present as monomers without any heterocomplex formation. Upon immunoprecipitation with annexin II a 52-kDa band was observed after immunostaining with annexin II antibodies, whereas no staining of a 52-kDa band occurred with anti-caveolin 1 antibodies. Vice versa, a 52-kDa band obtained by immunoprecipitation with caveolin 1 antibodies did not stain with annexin II-antibodies. The intensity of the 52-kDa band was dependent on the amount of antibody and was also observed with anti-actin or anti-APN antibodies suggesting that the 52-kDa band is a biochemical artefact. After incubation of cytosol or BBMV with radioactively labelled ezetimibe analogues, no significant amounts of the ezetimibe analogues could be detected in the immunoprecipitate with caveolin-1 or annexin II antibodies. Photoaffinity labelling of rabbit small intestinal BBMV with ezetimibe analogues did not result in labelling of proteins being immunoreactive with annexin II, caveolin 1 or a 52-kDa heterocomplex. These findings indicate that the rabbit small intestine does not contain an annexin II/caveolin 1 heterocomplex as a target for ezetimibe.     

Evolution of the immunodominant domain of the circumsporozoite protein gene from Plasmodium vivax. Implications for vaccines

Recent work directed toward the development of a malarial vaccine has focused on the identification and production of the immunodominant repeating peptide of the circumsporozoite protein of the human malaria parasites as an antigen. An important factor which relates to the usefulness of this antigen in a vaccine is the rate at which the molecule changes in sequence. We have determined the sequence and arrangement of the repeating epitope of the circumsporozoite protein gene from a Plasmodium vivax isolate from La Paz, El Salvador (Sal-I). This is compared with a portion of the previously published sequence of the circumsporozoite protein gene from a P. vivax isolate from Belém, Brazil. The genes appear to be very similar in the repeat region. There are 20 similar repeating units in the El Salvador strain and only 19 units are conserved in the Brazilian strain. Following this there are degenerate repeats in both strains. Even the pattern of silent mutations in the repeat area are similar; however, they are not necessarily in the identical location and appear to have shifted. The data suggest that the repeat region of these genes may be evolving by an accelerated mechanism(s). Such a phenomenon could severely decrease the long-term efficacy of a repeat-based anti-sporozoite vaccine.     

Sexual dimorphism in the pyrgomorphid grasshopper Phymateus morbillosus: from wing morphometry and flight behaviour to flight physiology and endocrinology

Abstract In the field, adult males of the grasshopper Phymateus morbillosus are able to fly for up to 1 min and cover up to c. 100 m, whereas females, although fully winged, are apparently unable to get airborne. Morphometric data indicate that the males are lighter, have longer wings, a higher ratio of flight muscles to body mass, and a lower wing load value than females. It was investigated whether this inability of females to fly is related to fuel storage, flight muscle enzymatic design and/or the presence and quantitative capacity of the endocrine system to mobilize fuels. In both sexes, readily available potential energy substrates are present in the haemolymph in similar concentrations, and the amount of glycogen in flight muscles and fat bodies does not differ significantly between males and females. Mass-specific activities of the enzymes GAPDH (glycolysis), HOAD (fatty acid oxidation) and MDH (citric acid cycle) in flight muscles are significantly lower in females compared with males, and mitochondria are less abundant in the flight muscles of females. There is no significant difference between the ability of the two sexes to oxidize various important substrates. Both sexes contain three adipokinetic peptides in their corpora cardiaca; the amount of each peptide in female grasshoppers is higher than in males.
Thus, despite some differences listed above, both sexes appear to have sufficient substrates and the necessary endocrine complement to engage in flight. It seems more likely, from the morphometric data above, that the chief reason for flightlessness is that P. morbillosus females cannot produce sufficient lift for flight; alternatively, the neuronal functioning associated with the flight muscles may be impaired in females.     

NP7 protects from cell death induced by oxidative stress in neuronal and glial midbrain cultures from parkin null mice

Parkin mutations produce Parkinson’s disease (PD) in humans and nigrostriatal dopamine lesions related to increased free radicals in mice. We examined the effects of NP7, a synthetic, marine derived, free radical scavenger which enters the brain, on H₂O₂ toxicity in cultured neurons and glia from wild-type (WT) and parkin null mice (PK-KO).NP7, 5-10 μM, prevented the H₂O₂ induced apoptosis and necrosis of midbrain neuronal and glial cultures from WT and PK-KO mice. NP7 suppressed microglial activation and the H₂O₂ induced drop-out of dopamine neurons_. Furthermore, NP7 prevented the increased phosphorylation of ERK and AKT induced by H₂O₂. NP7 may be a promising neuroprotector against oxidative stress in PD.     

Hydrophobia, lectin binding, and molecular order in the stratum corneum of adult and neonatal rats and in human breast cells in culture.

A search for differences due to ANS staining (hydrophobia), Con A and PNA binding capacity, and birefringence was carried out on stratified epithelia of rat skin and human breast cells (HBC) in culture. Microfluorimetric measurements confirm that the ANS fluorescence of the stratum corneum from adults is higher than that of newborns. HBC exhibited an unexpected deep ANS-fluorescence. Differences in the binding capacity of the epithelial layers to Con A and PNA were detected with advancing age. Retardation measurements revealed that the form birefringence of the stratum corneum is higher in adult animals specially as revealed by the fact that its form birefringence curve branch from n = 1.414 to n = 1.479 is steeper, i.e. depict higher values. The strong birefringence of the cytoplasmic tonofilaments presented by cultured human breast cells was considered an unexpected finding and attributed to changes that the cells underwent following the in vitro conditions.