Seasonal allocation of defense investment in Ilex opaca Aiton and constraints on a specialist leafminer

Summary Phytomyza ilicicola (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a univoltine specialist leafminer, is one of the few insect herbivores of American holly. Adult emergence is closely synchronized with leaf flush in spring, and females make numerous feeding punctures on and oviposit in new leaves. Larvae hatch in late May and June, but their feeding period and development are prolonged so that more than 80% of the mine enlargement occurs from January until March of the following year. We propose that this unusual life cycle reflects adaptation to constraints imposed by seasonal and age-related changes in chemical and structural defenses, and in nutritional quality of holly foliage. As holly leaves age, there is a shift in allocation of defense investment away from allelochemicals, including phenolic compounds and saponins, toward leaf sclerophylly, spinose teeth, and low foliar nitrogen and water. Rapid increases in leaf toughness and decreases in nutritional quality limit availability of leaf tissues for adult feeding and oviposition to a two-to threeweek phenological window during leaf flush. Mature holly foliage is a nutritionally poor resource by nearly all criteria known to affect food quality for herbivores. This may be the main reason for the prolonged larval development of P. ilicicola. Alternatively, winter feeding and pupation in spring may be adaptations which help to ensure synchrony of adult emergence with leaf flush. Repeated puncturing by female P. ilicicola does not render leaves more suitable for larvae, nor is it a means by which females sample leaf exudate to assess leaf quality prior to oviposition. Rather, leaf puncturing occurs mostly on leaves that are relatively high in soluble nitrogen, and is apparently a means by which females obtain protein and sugars prior to and during oviposition.The investigation reported in this paper (No. 85-7-8-208) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with the approval of the Director     

Polyester Wadding for Specimen Orientation During Embedding in Methacrylates

Polyester fibers are not dissolved by either glycol methacrylate or methyl methacrylate. Commercial polyester wadding is consequently an advantageous material to use in getting precise orientation of tissue specimens during embedding in methacrylate.     

Purification and properties of arylsulfatase B from high- and low-activity mouse strains

Arylsulfatase B (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase; EC 3.1.6.1) activities in C57BL/6J, SWR/J, and A/J mouse liver approximate a 5:3:1 ratio. Each enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity, and the properties of the three purified enzymes were compared. The purified enzyme behaved as a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. The purified enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of p-nitrocatechol sulfate (pNCS), 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate (4MUS), and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) heptasaccharide. Purified SWR/J arylsulfatase B possessed a higher relative electrophoretic mobility at pH 4.0 than the A/J and C57BL/6J isozymes, and the SWR/J enzyme was more thermostable than either the C57BL/6J or the A/J enzyme. No differences were observed among the three enzymes with respect to their Michaelis constants for 4MUS and pNCS, isoelectric points, responses to inhibitors, pH optima, or electrophoretic mobilities at pH 8.3. The relative in vivo rates of synthesis of C57BL/6J, A/J, and SWR/J arylsulfatase B were comparable.     

Linkage of loci affecting a murine liver protein and arylsulfatase B to chromosome 13

As-1 is the putative structural locus for murine arylsulfatase B, and Lth-1 determines the presence or absence of a 35 000 dalton acidic liver protein. As-1 and Lth-1 were found to be closely linked using recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Both loci were found to have been cotransferred with the pearl (pe) coat color mutation (chromosome 13) in the B6.C3H pe/pe congenic strain. The linkage relationships between pe, Lth-1, and As-1 were further defined in a backcross. On the basis of the RI data, the congenic strain result, and the backcross data, the following genetic distances were estimated: pe--As-1, 7.1 +/- 4.0 cM; As-1--Lth-1, 2.5 +/- 1.0 cM; and pe--Lth-1, less than 6.9 cM. As-1 and Lth-1 are the first biochemically defined loci to be added to the chromosome 13 linkage map.     

Local names for vascular plants in the John Crow mountains,Jamaica

Local names of vascular plants, accompanied by botanical specimens, were collected in the John Crow Mountains, Portland Parish, Jamaica. Each of the names was volunteered by one local informant; many were independently corroborated by others. We recorded 91 names of forest trees and shrubs, 20 names of climbers, and 33 names of other plants. The uneven distribution of local names among different categories of plants is discussed. The names are mostly of English origin, with a scattering from Spanish, Amerindian and West African languages. Many names are not listed in the standard floras; 20 names are apparently hitherto unrecorded in print. The same name was often found to be applied to a different species from the usage given in the floras, showing the variation in vernacular names from one part of the island to another.     

Comparative bioenergetics of permanent and temporary pond populations of the freshwater clam,Musculium partumeium (Say)

The population energetics of a temporary and a permanent pond population of Musculium partumeium in Southwest Ohio were studied. In the permanent pond (surface area = 396 m², maximum depth = 0.7 m) the population was bivoltine and iteroparous whereas in the temporary pond (surface area = 1042 m², maximum depth = 0.9 m) the population was usually univoltine and semelparous.Growth and biomass were assessed as total organic carbon and total nitrogen to provide estimates of productivity and seasonal changes in C:N for each generation. Productivity (non-respired assimilation = growth + reproduction; N-R.A. = G + R) was 6939 mgC·m^–2·a^–1 (3858 and 3353 mgC·m^–2·a^–1 for each generation) and 1661 mgC·m^–2·a^–1 for the permanent and temporary pond populations respectively. The average standing crop biomass (B) was 606.8 mgC·m^–2 (357.5 and 249.3 mgC·m^–2 for each generation) and 231.9 mgC·m^–2 with overall productivity: biomass ratios of 11.4 and 7.2 for the permanent pond and temporary pond populations respectively.Respiration rates were converted to carbon equivalents (respired assimilation = R.A.) and used to evaluate the components of total assimilation (T.A. = R.A. + N-R.A.) and the efficiency of partitioning this energy to N-R.A. for G and R. When expressed as a percentage, the production efficiencies (100 × N-R.A.:T.A.) were 50.4 and 62%, and the reproductive efficiencies (100 × R:N-R.A.) were 26.4 and 18% for the permanent and temporary pond populations respectively. The reproductive efficiencies for populations of these viviparous clams are greater than those for most oviparous molluscs.The comparative information on the energetics of these populations does not completely fit any theoretical consideration of reproductive effort or life-history strategy. These data are discussed in relation to selection for population success in temporary ponds.Funded in part by grants to Albert J. Burky from the Ohio Biological Survey and the University of Dayton Research CouncilFunded in part by grants to Albert J. Burky from the Ohio Biological Survey and the University of Dayton Research Council     

Temporal fluctuations of silver,copper and zinc in the bivalve Macoma balthica at five stations in South San Francisco Bay

Concentrations of Cu, Ag and Zn were measured in the soft tissues of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica in South San Francisco Bay at near-monthly intervals for periods of two to three years at four stations, and eight years at a metal-enriched station. The amplitude and frequency of fluctuations differed among stations and among metals. Fluctuations were greatest at stations with the greatest metal enrichment and with the least dilution and flushing of wastes. A consistent seasonal pattern of fluctuation in Cu and Ag concentrations was evident in M. balthica at the metal-enriched station. These seasonal changes in tissue metal concentrations appeared to be affected by metal inputs, hydrologic processes that may affect both metal concentrations and bioavailability, and seasonal changes in the weight of the bivalve. The contributions of each of these interacting factors could not be determined quantitatively. At the metal-enriched station significant variation in the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations was also evident from year to year. Interpretation of metal concentrations in bivalves from estuaries will require careful consideration of the processes which affect metal dynamics in these complex environments.     

The oral assimilation of radiomanganese by the mouse

The metabolism of orally administered radiomanganese was studied in mice. Assimilation of absorbed manganese (Mn) was determined using whole body counting techniques. When⁵⁴MnCl₂ was administered, 2.7% of the dose was retained after 10 d compared with 1.2% from the⁵⁴Mn-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complex. However, this difference was accounted for by the rapid and persistent adsorption of the Mn onto the teeth of the lower jaw when fed as the ionic salt at pH 2.0 compared with the NTA-chelate fed at pH 9.0. Once corrected for the amount adsorbed onto the teeth, the biodistribution and relative specific activity of the assimilated radiomanganese into a variety of tissues were similar for both forms of the metal.     

Analysis of the sheep MHC using HLA class I,II, and C4 cDNA probes

Four cDNA probes for the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were used to investigate the sheep MHC, in conjunction with serological typing for ovine lymphocyte antigen (OLA). Lymphocytes from a family (two parents and five offspring) of Romanov sheep were subjected to genomic DNA digestion by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI, followed by gel electrophoresis. A single Southern blot representing all seven individuals was then consecutively hybridized with the class I, alpha-DC, beta-DR, and C4 probes, which were originally designed to identify HLA class I, class II (DC and DR), and C4 products, respectively. Using each of the three class I/class II probes, several bands showing DNA polymorphism were detected. The segregation of these bands in the five offspring exactly paralleled the OLA haplotype segregation established by serological typing. A further eight individuals carrying haplotypes which were phenotypically identical to those in the above-mentioned family showed bands in the corresponding positions when tested with the same three probes. Using the C4 probe, no polymorphism was detected in these fifteen individuals.Abbreviations used in this paper MHC major histocompatibility complex - OLA ovine lymphocyte antigen - kbp kilobase pair(s) - MLR mixed lymphocyte reaction - RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism     

Altered central monoamine response tod-amphetamine in rats chronically exposed to inorganic lead

Investigations of the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity resulting from chronic inorganic lead (Pb) exposure have centered on CNS biogenic amine function on the basis of behavioral and neurochemical findings. The following study examined the time course of the response of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons to d-amphetamine (AMPH) in rats chronically exposed to Pb from birth in order to further examine neurochemical mechanisms implicated by previous work. Offspring were exposed to 0.2% Pb acetate via the lactating dam and then weaned to the same drinking solution. At 120–140 days animals were injected with 1.0 mg/kg s.c. of the drug or with saline and sacrificed after various intervals. DA content in nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum in Pb-exposed animals was significantly higher than corresponding levels in controls at 20 minutes post-drug and remained significantly higher than baseline values at 80 minutes after the drug when DA concentrations in controls had returned to normal. These data suggest enhanced AMPH-induced DA synthesis in exposed rats. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content was significantly increased in three brain regions in exposed rats given AMPH compared to values in saline-injected exposed animals, indicating a compensation in these areas for the decreases in 5-HIAA values produced by Pb exposure alone. The results of this study reinforce the hypothesis that DA and 5-HT neurons are sensitive to relatively low levels of Pb exposure.