Epiedmiologic significance of the distribution of corynephages in different collectives]

Corynephage distribution was studied in the nasopharyngeal washings of 252 persons infected with C. diphtheriae of gravis type, toxigenic (21 patients and 147 carriers) and non-toxigenic ones (84 carriers), and in 468 uninfected persons in collective bodies under different epidemic conditions. Corynephages were isolated from the nasopharyngeal washings only in persons infected with toxigenic C. diphtheriae--in 4 (of 21) patients, and in 21% (of 147) carriers. Phages tox+ (4--6.2%) were revealed only in carriers of toxigenic C. diphtheriae with numerous bacteria in the nasopharynx and in diphtheria patients. Carriers of nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli can become infected with phage tox+ only together with the toxigenic strains (reinfection). The data obtained indicated that toxigenic and nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae strains were individual variants.     

Pathologic anatomy of experimental diseases of small laboratory animals caused by encephalomyocarditis virus (strain EMK-70)]

The results of pathomorphological investigation of the disease in small laboratory animals experimentally induced by the EMC-70 strain of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from monkeys are presented. Irrespective of the mode of virus injection, the newborn and juvenile mice developed some lesions in the brown fat, transverse-striated muscles, as well as in the brain and heart. In guinea pigs the changes were characterized by the development of severe myocarditis and encephalitis accompanied by viral antigen accumulation. The disease induced by the EMC-70 strain could not be differentiated from the Coxsackie infection by the pathomorphological data. This fact should be taken into consideration in solving some problems pertinent to pathoanatomical diagnosis of viral diseases.     

The genetic structure of a tribal population,the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies

The Yanomama Indians of Southern Vanezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the Yanomama, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters. Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of “extra-marital conceptions” based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation. Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.     

Heterogeneity and several clinico-genetic correlations in epilepsy under inbred conditions]

The types of inheritance and clinico-genetical correlatins of epilepsy in 291 probands in conditions of inbreeding were studied. The data obtained confirmed the multifactorial (gene-polygene+medium) inheritance of epileptic and convulsive predispositions and contradicted the hypothesis of primarily recessive inheritance of epilepsy. Together with family forms of the disease, which were communicated mainly according to an uncertained and dominant type (rarely recessive type), there were existed forms of eipilepsy with incomplete genetical hereditary predisposition (which were observed in relatives of 2-3 generations only by epileptic features) and phenotypical forms concentrated in sporadic groups. There were found the dependences onthe rate of occurrence of secondary epilepsy (with or without epileptoidness), epileptoid psychopathy and children convulsions in relatives, on the type of inheritance, the age of manifestations, the form, polymorphism of the attacks, the severity of the developement of epilepsy, the expressiveness of epileptoidness in probands and high severity of the disease with distinct epileptoidness inbreeding families. The hereditary heterogeneity of epilepsy, associated, perhaps, with pleiotropy of epileptic (with or without epileptoidness) genes, was assumed. The found clinico-genetical correlaltions mightbe taken into account in medico-genetical prognosis of families burdened by epilspsy in analogous populational-demographic conditions.     

Experimental research on mechanical stresses in the neuroepithelial layers of the brain

The embryonic brain was dissected in urodele amphibians at the early postneurulation stages. Tangential mechanical tensions were shown to exist in the embryonic brain. The reaction of neuroepithelial cells characterizing the topology of tensions was found by the use of dissections in two interperpendicular directions. The cells were oriented along the acting force in the case of unidirectional tension. In the case of two interbalanced tensions the cells were inclined along the lines of force of greater tension. Three types of tangential tensions were revealed which differ in force, direction, range of action and life time. The life times of tangential tensions were shown to depend on their force and range of action. The strongest tensions were short-lived and, besides, limited in space. Weak tensions were long-lived and spread all over the brain. In all cases of dissections the cells inducing tangential tensions reacted in the same way: by elongation of cell bodies along the normals to the brain layer. It is suggested that the tendency of cell elongation can cause the tangential tension of the layer. It was found that the partial removal of tensions enhances the curvatures of brain layers. The cells reacted to the tension removal in accordance with their position in the layer. If the cells are located in the grooves, they are shortened. If the cells are outside the grooves, they are elongated. It was found that after the tension was removed the nuclei migrated along the cell bodies. The migration of the nuclei depends on the direction of the layer flexure. The nuclei always migrated to the external surface of evagination or to the internal surface of flexure. It is suggested that the tangential tensions stabilize the changes in the brain shape.