Role of cell-mediated immunity in the resistance to experimental sporotrichosis in mice

The in vitro activity of several new imidazoles, cloconazole, sulconazole, butoconazole, isoconazole and fenticonazole, were compared with those of amphothericin B, flucytosine, and three azoles: econazole, miconazole and ketoconazole against isolates of pathogenic Candida. A total of 186 clinical isolates of 10 species of the genus Candida and two culture collection strains were tested by an agar-dilution technique. Isoconazole was the most active azole, followed by butoconazole and sulconazole. Differences between some of the species in their susceptibility to the antifungal agents were noted. Sulconazole and cloconazole had the highest activity in vitro against 106 isolates of C. albicans. Butoconazole and isoconazole were also very active against isolates of C. albicans, and were the most active azole compounds against 80 isolates of Candida spp.     

Phenol-treatment and a homologous pairing-assay.

Homologous pairing is a key step in homologous genetic recombination. In the early stage of trials for the identification of homologous pairing-promoting proteins from a fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we treated DNA products with phenol in the presence of a salt for the removal of tightly bound proteins from DNA before the assay, but we found that this treatment caused very efficient protein-independent double-strand formation from complementary single-stranded DNAs. Using an assay including the phenol treatment, we detected another species of apparent homologous pairing-promoting proteins in the nuclei, in addition to a homologous pairing-promoting protein consisting of three components which we reported previously. However, studies involving the use of an assay without the phenol-treatments revealed that the second one was not really a homologous pairing-protein. Thus, the protein-independent double-strand formation by phenol-treatment in the presence of a salt could cause the erroneous identification of homologous pairing-promoting proteins.     

Purification of a new extracellular 90-kDa serine proteinase with isoelectric point of 3.9 from Bacillus subtilis (natto) and elucidation of its distinct mode of action.

A new extracellular 90-kDa serine proteinase with an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.9 was purified from Bicillus subtilis (natto). Microheterogeneity was detected in the 50-kDa protease of bacillopeptidase F with pI 4.4 reported previously by Wu et al. and the sequence for the first 25 amino acids in the internal region of the enzyme was analyzed: ATDGVEWNVDQIDAPKAWALGYDGA. The cleavage sites in the oxidized B-chain of insulin by the proteinase were CySO3H7-Gly8, Val12-Glu13, Try16-Leu17, and Phe25-Tyr26. The activity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and chymostatin, while the activity was not inhibited by proteinaceous Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) or alpha 2-macroglubulin.     

Acute pulmonary alveolar hypoxia increases lung and plasma endothelin-1 levels in conscious rats.

To investigate the effect of pulmonary alveolar hypoxia on the synthesis and release of endothelin (ET)-1, ET-1-like immunoreactivity (-LI) levels of the lung and plasma were measured in conscious unrestrained rats under hypoxic conditions. Sixty-min exposure to alveolar hypoxia (10% O2 or 5% O2) increased the ET-1-LI level in the lung. The plasma ET-1-LI level in hypoxic rats also increased significantly. The increase of plasma and lung ET-1-LI levels were parallel to the severity of hypoxia. These results demonstrates that acute pulmonary alveolar hypoxia increases lung and plasma ET-1-LI levels in conscious unrestrained rats, suggesting a possible physiological or pathophysiological significance of ET in alveolar hypoxia.     

An establishment of ELISA for murine IL-6

Summary Murine interleukin-6 (mIL-6) was expressed inEscherichia coli as human growth hormone (hGH) fusion protein. The products were cleaved by thrombin to liberate mIL-6. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific to mIL-6 were prepared by immunizing rats with mIL-6 thus obtained. ELISA for the quantitation of mIL-6 was also established, which could detect mIL-6 in a quantity as low as 2 ng/ml.     

Use of mammalian cell expression cloning systems to identify genes for cytokines, receptors, and regulatory proteins.

Mammalian cell expression cloning has become a standard technique for the isolation of mammalian genes or cDNAs. Its advantage is that the biological functions of the gene of interest are used for cloning. Therefore, the identified cDNAs or genes should be functional in vivo, and there is no need for physical or chemical information about the gene products, so that protein purification in sufficient quantity to raise antibodies or to obtain amino acid sequences is not necessary. Here, we summarize recent progress in mammalian cell cloning systems, and discuss the possible directions in which this technique will lead.     

Identification of eleven single-strand initiation sequences (ssi) for priming of DNA replication in the F, R6K, R100 and ColE2 plasmids.

Based on the ability to complement the poor growth of an M13 phage derivative lacking the complementary strand origin, eleven single-strand initiation sequences (ssi) for DNA replication are identified in the F, R6K, R100 and ColE2 plasmids. Six of them were from F, two from near the gamma and alpha origins (ori) of R6K, two from the vicinity of the basic replicon of R100 and one from near the ori of ColE2. They can be classified into two groups based on the morphology of the plaques and the length of nucleotide (nt) sequences required for ssi activity; one group that gives rise to larger and clearer plaques and can be reduced to nearly 100 nt (seven out of eleven), and another that generates smaller and less clear plaques and requires more than 200 nt for full activity (four out of eleven). Sequence homology is detected among some members from both groups. The possible biological roles of the ssi are discussed.     

Suppressive effect of human natural killer cells on Epstein-Barr virus-induced immunoglobulin synthesis

The suppressive effect of human natural killer (NK) cells on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by autologous B cells was investigated. By Percoll discontinuous density gradient centrifugation, low-density fractions enriched for NK cells were isolated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These NK-enriched fractions were added to purified autologous B cells in the presence of EBV, were cultivated for 8 days, and were examined for their suppressive effect on Ig synthesis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fractions markedly suppressed both IgM and IgG synthesis induced by EBV. It was possible to reduce the suppressive effect of NK-enriched cells by complement-dependent lysis of NK cells and Leu-11, but not by OKT3 monoclonal antibody, indicating that NK cells may be responsible for the suppression of Ig synthesis. Upon close examination of interferon (IFN) activity, it was revealed that the co-cultures of NK-enriched cells and EBV-infected B cells generated production of IFN-alpha, which might be produced by NK cells in response to EBV-stimulated B cells. Addition of anti-IFN-alpha but not anti-IFN-gamma serum almost completely abrogated the suppressive effect of NK-enriched cells on Ig synthesis, indicating that IFN-alpha produced are required for the NK cell-mediated suppression of Ig synthesis. However, addition of IFN-alpha into purified B cells showed no direct suppressive effect on EBV-induced Ig synthesis by B cells in the absence of NK cells. Nevertheless, NK cells when previously incubated with IFN-alpha and added to B cells showed a suppressor activity on Ig synthesis to a level higher than that of untreated NK controls. These results strongly suggest the possibility that NK cells display an interaction with EBV-infected B cells and produce IFN-alpha, which in turn activates NK cells. These activated NK cells suppress the Ig synthesis by B cells, which undergo transformation induced by EBV.     

Inactivation and sedimentation of mercury from organomercurials by Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract A susceptibility of 63 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to inorganic and organic mercuric compounds was determined. 18 of them were found to be resistant to fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) and merbromin (MB). Moreover, all the resistant strains inactivate the antibacterial effect of FMA. The changes in the amount of organic mercury at the time of inactivation of the drug and the structures of the end products were examined in detail with the plasmid-bearing strain JK9 and its transconjugants of Escherichia coli .
The results showed that FMA was inactivated by an intracellular enzyme produced inducively and was degraded to fluorescein (sodium salt, uranine), which led to the sedimentation of metallic mercury. The discovery of the genes conferring inducible organic mercury-inactivating enzymes determined by plasmids was the next step and their application in the recovery of metallic mercury from organomercurials is now imminent.