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DANIEL T. C. COX MIRIAM J. BRANDT ROSS MCGREGOR ULF OTTOSSON MATTHEW C. STEVENS WILL CRESSWELL 《Ibis》2011,153(4):672-683
Birds in the northern hemisphere usually increase mass reserves in response to seasonal low temperatures and shorter day length that increase foraging unpredictability and so starvation risk. In the lowland tropics, relatively low temperatures and short day lengths are absent and so the risk of starvation may be reduced, leading to much smaller seasonal effects on mass. Nevertheless, other factors such as high temperatures and water and food availability may vary greatly between tropical wet and dry seasons, leading to variable starvation risk and seasonal mass effects. Using data collected from 47 species of birds caught over a 10‐year period in a tropical savannah region in West Africa we tested for seasonal variation in mass in response to a predictable, strongly seasonal tropical climate. Many species (91%) showed seasonal variation in mass, and this was often in a clear annual pattern that was constant across the years. Many species (89%) varied their mass in response to seasonally predictable rainfall. Annual variation in mass was also important (45% of species). Relatively few species (13%) had a seasonal pattern of mass variation that varied between years. Feeding guild or migratory status was not found to affect seasonal or annual mass variation. Seasonal mass change was on average 8.1% across the 21 species with a very large sample size and was comparable with both northern and southern temperate species. Our study showed that biologically significant consistent seasonal mass variation is common in tropical savannah bird species, and this is most likely in response to changing resource availability brought about by seasonal rainfall and the interrupted foraging response due to the constraints of breeding. 相似文献
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Identification of Planococcus citri (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and the description of a new species
JENNIFER M. COX 《Systematic Entomology》1981,6(1):47-53
Planococcus pacificus sp.n. is described from the South Pacific, Australia and South East Asia. P.citricus is synonymized with P.citri. A key and illustrations are given to separate the species discussed from each other and from the similar P.ficus group. 相似文献
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SUMMARY. 1. The immature stages of the craneflies Lipsothrix nigrilinea and L. fenderi are spent in galleries within decayed red alder ( Atntts rtibra ), in low order streams of the Pacific Northwest. L. fenderi also occurs in some coniferous wood and wood in semi-terrestrial sites at stream margins. Larvae of both species feed on the wood and are important degraders of this material.
2. The immature stages are briefly described and behaviour of the two species is compared.
3. L. nigrilinea has a predominantly biennial life cycle. It emerges from April to August in response to receding water level. The absence of this cue results in an extension of the life span to 3 or more years. The non-deterministic life cycle results in high variability of juvenile and adult weights.
4. L. fenderi is basically a biennial species, with a more synchronized autumn emergence. A portion of the population may emerge after 1 year if oviposition occurs early enough to allow autumnal growth of larvae or if growth is relatively rapid.
5. The extended life cycle of Lipsothrix spp. and the broad emergence of L. nigrilinea are concluded to be adaptations to a habitat/resource which is relatively stable and allows long-term association. 相似文献
2. The immature stages are briefly described and behaviour of the two species is compared.
3. L. nigrilinea has a predominantly biennial life cycle. It emerges from April to August in response to receding water level. The absence of this cue results in an extension of the life span to 3 or more years. The non-deterministic life cycle results in high variability of juvenile and adult weights.
4. L. fenderi is basically a biennial species, with a more synchronized autumn emergence. A portion of the population may emerge after 1 year if oviposition occurs early enough to allow autumnal growth of larvae or if growth is relatively rapid.
5. The extended life cycle of Lipsothrix spp. and the broad emergence of L. nigrilinea are concluded to be adaptations to a habitat/resource which is relatively stable and allows long-term association. 相似文献
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