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101.
In order to study gravity effects on plant structure and function, it may become necessary to remove the g-stimulus. On Earth, various instruments such as clinostats have been used by biologists in an attempt to neutralize the effects
of gravity. In this study, the position of amyloplasts was assayed in columella cells in the roots of Arabidopsisthaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings grown in the following conditions: on Earth, on a two-dimensional clinostat at 1 rpm, on a three-dimensional
clinostat (also called a random-positioning machine, or an RPM), and in space (true microgravity). In addition, the effects
of these gravity treatments on columella cell area and plastid area also were measured. In terms of the parameters measured,
only amyloplast position was affected by the gravity treatments. Plastid position was not significantly different between
spaceflight and RPM conditions but was significantly different between spaceflight and the classical two-dimensional clinostat
treatments. Flanking columella cells showed a greater susceptibility to changes in gravity compared to the central columella
cells. In addition, columella cells of seedlings that were grown on the RPM did not exhibit deleterious effects in terms of
their ultrastructure as has been reported previously for seedlings grown on a two-dimensional clinostat. This study supports
the hypothesis that the RPM provides a useful simulation of weightlessness.
Received: 5 January 2000 / Accepted: 22 February 2000 相似文献
102.
Mammalian cells express a phospholipase D (PLD)-like enzyme which forms ethanolamine from phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) by a protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha)-activated, presently unknown, mechanism. Now we report that addition of a PKC-alpha-enriched purified PKC preparation or recombinant PKC-alpha to a plasma membrane-enriched membrane fraction, isolated from leukemic HL60 cells, greatly ( approximately 6.5-fold stimulation) enhanced PtdEtn hydrolysis if the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ATP were both present; this was accompanied by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of several membrane proteins. The combined effects of PKC-alpha, ATP, and PMA on [(14)C]PtdEtn hydrolysis were inhibited by GF 109203X (10 microM), an inhibitor of catalytic activity of PKC. In this membrane fraction, PMA alone also had a smaller ( approximately 3.5-fold) stimulatory effect on PtdEtn hydrolysis which was not affected by adding ATP or GF 109203X to the membranes. These results suggest that PMA can stimulate PtdEtn hydrolysis via a PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation mechanism as well as by a phosphorylation-independent process. Transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by H-ras reduced the effect of PMA on PtdEtn hydrolysis. Furthermore, in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, scrape-loaded Y13-259 anti Ras antibody enhanced PMA-stimulated hydrolysis of PtdEtn. These results suggest that activation of the PtdEtn-hydrolyzing PLD enzyme by PKC-alpha is inhibited by p21 Ras. 相似文献
103.
OBJECTIVE: Developing a new medical software based on the utilisation of information technology required in 3-dimensional treatment planning and modern radiotherapy. METHODS: The physical dose distribution programs were converted into biological meaning with the insertion of biological equivalence equations based on LQ model. Biological dose distributions and biological dose-volume histograms were generated. The treatment plans of a brain tumour patient were investigated to determine the dose burdening of the normal central nervous system tissues. RESULTS: Employing 3D conformal method, the dose of the vital mid-line structures decreased significantly, which possesses a more meaningful biological importance. Different treatment plans and different fractionation regimens could be compared to each other by utilising this kind of biological model. CONCLUSION: By employing information technology we succeeded in establishing a theoretical biological dose distribution system that could be visualised. The advantages of 3D treatment planning proved unambiguous. In the future this method will probably be suitable to choose the best therapeutic regimens. 相似文献
104.
105.
Novel rkp Gene Clusters of Sinorhizobium meliloti Involved in Capsular Polysaccharide Production and Invasion of the Symbiotic Nodule: the rkpK Gene Encodes a UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Attila Kereszt Ern Kiss Bradley L. Reuhs Russell W. Carlson dm Kondorosi Pter Putnoky 《Journal of bacteriology》1998,180(20):5426-5431
106.
High rate of DNA loss in the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis species groups 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
We recently proposed that patterns of evolution of non-LTR
retrotransposable elements can be used to study patterns of spontaneous
mutation. Transposition of non-LTR retrotransposable elements commonly
results in creation of 5' truncated, "dead-on-arrival" copies. These
inactive copies are effectively pseudogenes and, according to the neutral
theory, their molecular evolution ought to reflect rates and patterns of
spontaneous mutation. Maximum parsimony can be used to separate the
evolution of active lineages of a non-LTR element from the fate of the
"dead-on-arrival" insertions and to directly assess the relative
frequencies of different types of spontaneous mutations. We applied this
approach using a non-LTR element, Helena, in the Drosophila virilis group
and have demonstrated a surprisingly high incidence of large deletions and
the virtual absence of insertions. Based on these results, we suggested
that Drosophila in general may exhibit a high rate of spontaneous large
deletions and have hypothesized that such a high rate of DNA loss may help
to explain the puzzling dearth of bona fide pseudogenes in Drosophila. We
also speculated that variation in the rate of spontaneous deletion may
contribute to the divergence of genome size in different taxa by affecting
the amount of superfluous "junk" DNA such as, for example, pseudogenes or
long introns. In this paper, we extend our analysis to the D. melanogaster
subgroup, which last shared a common ancestor with the D. virilis group
approximately 40 MYA. In a different region of the same transposable
element, Helena, we demonstrate that inactive copies accumulate deletions
in species of the D. melanogaster subgroup at a rate very similar to that
of the D. virilis group. These results strongly suggest that the high rate
of DNA loss is a general feature of Drosophila and not a peculiar property
of a particular stretch of DNA in a particular species group.
相似文献
107.
Sequence and structural elements of methylation guide snoRNAs essential for site-specific ribose methylation of pre-rRNA. 总被引:26,自引:5,他引:21
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Site-specific 2'-O-ribose methylation of eukaryotic rRNAs is guided by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). The methylation guide snoRNAs carry long perfect complementaries to rRNAs. These antisense elements are located either in the 5' half or in the 3' end region of the snoRNA, and are followed by the conserved D' or D box motifs, respectively. An uninterrupted helix formed between the rRNA and the antisense element of the snoRNA, in conjunction with the adjacent D' or D box, constitute the recognition signal for the putative methyltransferase. Here, we have identified an additional essential box element common to methylation guide snoRNAs, termed the C' box. We show that the C' box functions in concert with the D' box and plays a crucial role in the methyltransfer reaction directed by the upstream antisense element and the D' box. We also show that an internal fragment of U24 methylation guide snoRNA, encompassing the upstream antisense element and the D' and C' box motifs, can support the site-specific methylation of rRNA. This strongly suggests that the C box of methylation guide snoRNAs plays an essential role in the methyltransfer reaction guided by the 3'-terminal antisense element and the D box of the snoRNA. 相似文献
108.
109.
Adenosine (Ado) is a ubiquitous metabolite that plays a prominent role as a paracrine homeostatic signal of metabolic imbalance within tissues. It quickly responds to various stress stimuli by adjusting energy metabolism and influencing cell growth and survival. Ado is also released by dead or dying cells and is present at significant concentrations in solid tumors. Ado signaling is mediated by Ado receptors (AdoR) and proteins modulating its concentration, including nucleoside transporters and Ado deaminases. We examined the impact of genetic manipulations of three Drosophila genes involved in Ado signaling on the incidence of somatic mosaic clones formed by the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of tumor suppressor and marker genes. We show here that genetic manipulations with the AdoR, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (Ent2), and Ado deaminase growth factor-A (Adgf-A) cause dramatic changes in the frequency of hyperplastic outgrowth clones formed by LOH of the warts (wts) tumor suppressor, while they have almost no effect on control yellow (y) clones. In addition, the effect of AdoR is dose-sensitive and its overexpression leads to the increase in wts hyperplastic epithelial outgrowth rates. Consistently, the frequency of mosaic hyperplastic outgrowth clones generated by the LOH of another tumor suppressor, discs overgrown (dco), belonging to the wts signaling pathway is also dependent on AdoR. Our results provide interesting insight into the maintenance of tissue homeostasis at a cellular level.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-014-9435-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献110.
Lóránt Dienes Huba J. Kiss Kristóf Perényi Zsuzsanna Szepessy Zoltán Z. Nagy árpád Barsi M. Carmen Acosta Juana Gallar Illés Kovács 《PloS one》2015,10(8)