云南疣粒野生稻幼穗一步成苗培养与植株再生

1植物名称疣粒野生稻(Oryza meyeriana Baill.),云南类型。2材料类别幼穗(0.3～4.0 cm)。3培养条件云南疣粒野生稻的幼穗培养采用一次成苗分化培养基(1)为MS 6-BA 2.5 mg·L~(-1)(单位下     

Retrograde adaptive resonance theory based on the role of nitric oxide in long-term potentiation

Adaptive resonance theory (ART) demonstrates how the brain learns to recognize and categorize vast amounts of information by using top–down expectations and attentional focusing. ART 3, one member of the ART family, embeds the computational properties of the chemical synapse in its search process, but it converges slowly and is lack of stability when being applied in pattern recognition and analysis. To overcome these problems, Nitric Oxide (NO), which serves as a newly discovered retrograde messenger in Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), is introduced in retrograde adaptive resonance theory (ReART) model presented in this paper. In the presented model a novel search hypothesis is proposed to incorporate angle and amplitude information of an external input vector to decide whether the input matches the long-term memory (LTM) weights of an active node or not, and the embedded NO retrograde mechanism makes the search procedure a closed loop, which improves the stability and convergence speed of the transmitter releasing mechanism in a synapse. To make the model more adaptive and practical, a forgetting mechanism is built to improve the weights updating process. Experimental results indicate that the proposed ReART model achieves low error rate, fast convergence and self-organizing weights regulation. Action Editor: Christiane Linster     

厌氧甲烷氧化微生物物质代谢与能量代谢研究进展

甲烷既是一种温室气体,也是一种潜在的能源物质,其源与汇的平衡对地球化学循环及工程应用均有重要意义。厌氧甲烷氧化(anaerobic oxidation of methane,AOM)过程是深海、湿地和农田等自然生境中重要的甲烷汇,在缓解温室气体排放方面发挥了巨大作用。AOM微生物的中枢代谢机制及其能量转化途径则是介导厌氧甲烷氧化耦合其他物质还原的关键所在。因此,本文从电子受体多样性的视角,主要分析了硫酸盐型,硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐型,金属还原型厌氧甲烷氧化微生物的生理生化过程及环境分布,并对近些年发现的新型厌氧甲烷氧化进行了梳理;重点总结了厌氧甲烷氧化微生物细胞内电子传递路径以及胞外电子传递方式;根据厌氧甲烷氧化微生物环境分布及反应特征,就其生态学意义及在污染治理与能源回收方面的潜在应用价值进行了展望。本综述以期深化对厌氧甲烷氧化过程的微生物学认知,并为其潜在的工程应用方向提供新的思路。     

基于比较基因组学的高地芽孢杆菌6ww6分子标识筛选及其快速鉴定

【目的】高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis) 6ww6是一株根际耐盐促生菌,可以作为微生物肥料的优选菌种。为了加强菌种知识产权保护,建立菌株快速检测方法。【方法】本研究通过基因组比对分析、TBLASTn检索、NR库检索验证并剔除有其他同源的结果序列,最终得到菌株6ww6的孤儿基因,设计引物进行PCR鉴定。【结果】筛选出5个特异性基因J939_13195、J9319_05960、J9319_13355、J9319_05965和J9319_13350。引物5960F和5960R可以单一性扩增出菌株6ww6的目的基因J9319_05960,确定其为菌株6ww6的特异性分子标识。【结论】本研究确定了菌株6ww6的唯一性身份编码,建立了以比较基因组学和孤儿基因为基础的菌株水平上的鉴定方法。该方法具有快速、精确、能鉴定到菌株水平的优点,对于有价值微生物的知识产权保护提供了有力的抓手。     

PeBL1, a Novel Protein Elicitor from Brevibacillus laterosporus Strain A60, Activates Defense Responses and Systemic Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana

We report the identification, characterization, and gene cloning of a novel protein elicitor (PeBL1) secreted from Brevibacillus laterosporus strain A60. Through a purification process consisting of ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we isolated a protein that was identified by electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI–Q-TOF–MS-MS). The 351-bp PeBL1 gene produces a 12,833-Da protein with 116 amino acids that contains a 30-residue signal peptide. The PeBL1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein can induce a typical hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana, like the endogenous protein. PeBL1-treated N. benthamiana exhibited strong resistance to the infection of tobacco mosaic virus-green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci compared to control N. benthamiana. In addition, PeBL1 triggered a cascade of events that resulted in defense responses in plants, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, extracellular-medium alkalization, phenolic-compound deposition, and expression of several defense-related genes. Real-time quantitative-PCR analysis indicated that the known defense-related genes PR-1, PR-5, PDF1.2, NPR1, and PAL were upregulated to varying degrees by PeBL1. This research not only provides insights into the mechanism by which beneficial bacteria activate plant systemic resistance, but also sheds new light on a novel strategy for biocontrol using strain A60.     

割草和放牧对大针茅根际与非根际土壤养分和微生物数量的影响

选取内蒙古典型草原大针茅为主要研究对象,研究割草和放牧干扰对其根际与非根际土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷含量以及微生物数量的影响.结果表明：在割草和放牧干扰下,根际土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量均有不同程度的减少,根际截存效应减弱;土壤全磷由于固定性强不易向植物根部聚集,土壤全磷的根际效应不明显;土壤有效磷异质性较大,在放牧和割草干扰下有不同程度的变化,但根际和非根际间差异不显著;放牧干扰显著减少了土壤微生物的数量;土壤养分的变化与土壤微生物数量的变化关系密切,细菌和真菌的数量变化可能对土壤养分的影响更大;相对于割草,放牧干扰更易造成根际土壤养分的流失及微生物数量的减少.     

澳门路氹城黑脸琵鹭春季栖息地利用

黑脸琵鹭是全球最濒危的鸟类之一,其栖息地的研究对于该种群的保护和恢复具有重要意义。2013年1月4—5日,对澳门地区的黑脸琵鹭进行了同步调查;3—5月,于路氹城黑脸琵鹭集中分布地放置4台红外相机对其进行监测。结果表明,澳门地区黑脸琵鹭的最高数量为55只,其昼栖地以生态一区为主;黑脸琵鹭在黄昏时飞离生态一区(17∶00左右),夜间返回生态一区栖息,与以往的报道不同(夜栖地与昼栖地不同)。出现了新的夜栖地利用模式,即夜栖地和昼栖地相同,可能是黑脸琵鹭对澳门适宜夜栖地较少的一种适应。     

基于粪便DNA的岩羊微卫星引物的筛选及个体识别

贺兰山保护区岩羊Pseudois nayaur种群数量近年来增长很快,为了解贺兰山保护区的岩羊种群的遗传健康状况,从而更好地保护和管理岩羊种群,需要对岩羊种群的遗传多样性进行研究。在其近缘物种中选出36对微卫星引物对收集到的岩羊粪便DNA样品进行PCR扩增。结果发现,有9对引物在岩羊粪便DNA中扩增出了多态性位点。各位点基因杂合度介于0.26~0.95之间,平均杂合度为0.48,各位点多态信息含量介于0.23~0.68之间,平均多态性为0.48。     

Effects of a nematode Meloidogyne incognita and its interaction with above‐ground herbivory on an invasive wetland plant,alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)

Invasive plants may be attacked both above ground and below ground. Few studies have, however, investigated the simultaneous effects of above‐ground and below‐ground herbivory. In the present study, we report the effects of beetle herbivory and nematode infection on alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, an invasive plant in China. We found that the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita widely occurred on the plant in south China. To examine its effect on the plant in conjunction with above‐ground herbivory, we conducted a field common garden experiment with a local insect defoliator, Cassida piperata. We also included the native congener Alternanthera sessilis in our experiments for a comparison of the response of invasive and native species. We found no significant effects on plant biomass of the nematode infection in conjunction with the above‐ground herbivory. Further chemical analysis, however, showed that the water‐soluble carbohydrate content in roots of A. philoxeroides was significantly increased in plants attacked by both the nematode and the herbivore compared with the water‐soluble carbohydrate content in plants attacked by only the nematode or herbivore alone. We found no such change in the native congener A. sessilis. Together these results may suggest that A. philoxeroides tolerates joint above‐ground and below‐ground damage by allocating more resources to below‐ground material.     

外源亚精胺对Hg2+胁迫下凤眼莲抗氧化系统的影响

通过Hoagland溶液培养实验,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)(0.1 mmol?L-1)对Hg2+(0、10、20、30和40μmol?L-1)胁迫下凤眼莲叶片细胞内叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化系统的调节作用.结果显示,(1)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,各处理凤眼莲叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)含量均先升后降,并均在10μmol?L-1时达到最高值,但外源Spd处理组显著高于相应对照.(2)各处理凤眼莲叶片可溶性蛋白含量随Hg2+处理浓度的升高也呈先升后降趋势,而可溶性糖含量则呈持续上升趋势,但外源Spd处理亦明显高于相应对照.(3)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,抗氧化物质AsA和GSH含量及抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD、APX及GR活性也均呈先升后降的变化趋势,而外源Spd处理植株的含量和活性均显著高于相应对照.(4)各处理凤眼莲叶片的H2O2、MDA含量及O2?-产生速率随Hg2+处理浓度的升高均持续上升,但在外源Spd处理后均比对照组下降.研究表明,Hg2+胁迫使凤眼莲生长受到严重伤害,外源Spd可大幅度地提高其抗氧化物质含量和保护酶活性,从而增强凤眼莲抗Hg2+胁迫的能力.