超声强化提取石榴皮鞣花酸的工艺研究

目的:探索了超声波对石榴皮鞣花酸提取率的影响.方法:利用超声萃取和酸水解一步提取鞣花酸,分别探讨了萃取温度、水解酸度和超声时间对鞣花酸提取率的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化.结果:在最佳工艺条件:萃取温度60℃,水解酸度1.5mol/L,超声萃取30min时,鞣花酸提取率最高达4.3%.结论:超声波萃取石榴皮鞣花酸工艺具有低成本、节能和高效的特点,值得在医药和食品加工企业推广应用.     

Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear loci

Samples were collected from 407 fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus , at four North Atlantic and one Mediterranean Sea summer feeding area as well as the Sea of Cortez in the Pacific Ocean. For each sample, the sex, the sequence of the first 288 nucleotides of the mitochondrial (mt) control region and the genotype at six microsatellite loci were determined. A significant degree of divergence was detected at all nuclear and mt loci between North Atlantic/Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez. However, the divergence time estimated from the mt sequences was substantially lower than the time elapsed since the rise of the Panama Isthmus, suggesting occasional gene flow between the North Pacific and North Atlantic ocean after the separation of the two oceans. Within the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, significant levels of heterogeneity were observed in the mtDNA between the Mediterranean Sea, the eastern (Spain) and the western (the Gulf of Maine and the Gulf of St Lawrence) North Atlantic. Samples collected off West Greenland and Iceland could not be unequivocally assigned to either of the two areas. The homogeneity tests performed using the nuclear data revealed significant levels of divergence only between the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of St Lawrence or West Greenland. In conclusion, our results suggest the existence of several recently diverged populations in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, possibly with some limited gene flow between adjacent populations, a population structure which is consistent with earlier population models proposed by Kellogg, Ingebrigtsen, and Sergeant.     

非细胞体系核重建并非必需核小体与染色质的装配

以质粒DNA在爪蟾卵提取物S- 1 5 0中进行核小体构建时形成的超螺旋结构检测核小体的形成 ;利用阳离子交换剂CM -Cellulose定量结合组蛋白H2A和H2B ;并结合小球菌核酸酶分析核小体的形成 ,研究了爪蟾去膜精子在去除H2A ,H2B的S- 1 5 0中的核重建过程 .结果表明CM -Cellulose可有效去除组蛋白并阻止质粒DNA的核小体构建和精子染色质的改建 .但处理后的S- 1 5 0与膜泡组分仍可诱导去膜精子进行体外核重建 ,进一步表明非细胞体系核重建与外源DNA长度无关 ;核小体及染色质的组装对于核重建并非必需 .     

一种改良的分枝菌酸提取及其非放射性TLC检测方法

分枝菌酸(mycolic acid, MA)是存在于分枝杆菌细胞壁中的独特长链脂肪酸,与分枝杆菌(mycobacterium)抵御不利环境、耐受抗生素和逃避宿主免疫密切相关,是较热门的抗结核药物筛选的靶点。MA的检测方法主要有放射性薄层层析(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)和液相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer, LC-MS),受放射性元素使用资质和标准品等的限制,MA分析是分枝杆菌相关研究的一个难点。本研究采用一种普通薄层层析技术,并对使用四丁基氢氧化铵溶液水解酯化的分枝菌酸,将其甲酯化后再用无水乙醚萃取分枝菌酸甲酯的操作步骤进行改良,使分枝杆菌的MA提取及分析可在常规生物实验室中开展。研究通过比较不同分枝杆菌及不同生长时期的MA成分与亚型特征、检测靶向分枝菌酸合成通路的抗结核药物对细菌MA合成影响以及分枝杆菌突变株对结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb) H37Ra分枝菌酸合成影响等基础和应用研究的3个方面,进一步验证该方法在分枝杆菌MA分析中的实用性。结果表明该方法在不使用放射性元素和缺少标准品情况下可简便快速地分析MA及亚型特征,可广泛用于新型抗分枝杆菌药物筛选靶向分枝菌酸合成通路机制及基础研究中MA相关的分析和应用。     

Effects of cadmium on growth of Helianthus annuus seedlings: physiological aspects

Sunflower seedlings ( Helianthus annuus hybrid Select) were grown in a complete nutrient solution in the absence or presence of Cd²⁺ (10 and 20 μM). Analyses were performed to establish whether there was a differential effect of Cd²⁺ on mature and young leaves. After 7 d the growth parameters as well as the leaf area had decreased in both mature and young leaves. Accumulation of Cd²⁺ in the roots exceeded that in the shoots. Seedlings treated with Cd²⁺ exhibited reduced contents of chlorophyll and CO₂ assimilation rate, with a greater decrease in young leaves. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) was not altered by Cd²⁺ treatment in either mature or young leaves, although during steady-state photosynthesis in young leaves there was a significant alteration in the following parameters: quantum yield of electron transport by PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching ( q _P), non-photochemical quenching ( q _NP), and excitation capture efficiency of PSII (Φ_exc).     

Chirocentrids as engrauloids: evidence from suspensorium,branchial arches,and infraorbital bones (Clupeomorpha,Teleostei)

The Chirocentridae is a family of highly specialized large predatory clupeomorphs composed of two species from coastal waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Peculiarities of the anatomy of these fishes have puzzled ichthyologists who attempted to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. Despite controversy, it is currently accepted that the Chirocentridae is a family of Clupeiformes, included with the Clupeidae in the superfamily Clupeoidea. New data support an alternative hypothesis. Seven previously unreported derived character states from the suspensorium, branchial arches, and infraorbitals strongly indicate a hitherto unsuspected sister group relationship between the Chirocentridae and Engrauloidea, which comprises approximately 140 species of the commercially important fishes known as anchovies. These are character states: (1) the anterior margin of metapterygoid located anterior to the quadrate; (2) the ventral limb of hyomandibula and quadrate not separated by the metapterygoid; (3) the posterodorsal margin of metapterygoid in line with the condyle of articulation of the hyomandibula with the opercle; (4) the presence of a laminar outgrowth of the anterior margin of the quadrate; (5) the endochondral portion of the quadrate in the shape of an isosceles triangle; (6) the presence and arrangement of autogenous tooth plates on ceratobranchials 1 to 3; and (7) posterior region of infraorbital 1 well developed and extending along the ventral margin of infraorbital 2. Three of those character states are further modified and hypothesized as synapomorphies of the Engrauloidea: (1′) a substantial portion of the metapterygoid situated anterodorsal to the quadrate, (2′) articulation between the ventral limb of the hyomandibula and the quadrate, and (7′) infraorbitals 1 and 3 articulating by means of a well‐developed laminar process of the posterior region of infraorbital 1. The separation of the dorsal, paired elements of the branchial arches of the Chirocentridae and representative Engrauloidea is apomorphic within the Clupeoidei, and constitutes circumstantial evidence for the sister group relationship between those clades. Microphagy within the Engrauloidea is secondary, homoplastic to the same condition present in other clades of the Clupeiformes. The decomposition of character complexes into discrete morphological characters and its use in phylogenetic inference is discussed. The sister group relationship between the Chirocentridae and Engrauloidea renders the Clupeoidea paraphyletic. A new classification of the Clupeoidei, with the inclusion of the Chirocentridae in the Engrauloidea, is proposed. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156 , 363–383.