The two‐component histidine kinase Fhk1 controls stress adaptation and virulence of Fusarium oxysporum

Fungal histidine kinases (HKs) have been implicated in different processes, such as the osmostress response, hyphal development, sensitivity to fungicides and virulence. Members of HK class III are known to signal through the HOG mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), but possible interactions with other MAPKs have not been explored. In this study, we have characterized fhk1, encoding a putative class III HK from the soil‐borne vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Inactivation of fhk1 resulted in resistance to phenylpyrrole and dicarboximide fungicides, as well as increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and menadione‐induced oxidative stress. The osmosensitivity of Δfhk1 mutants was associated with a striking and previously unreported change in colony morphology. The Δfhk1 strains showed a significant decrease in virulence on tomato plants. Epistatic analysis between Fhk1 and the Fmk1 MAPK cascade indicated that Fhk1 does not function upstream of Fmk1, but that the two pathways may interact to control the response to menadione‐induced oxidative stress.     

Seasonal Trends of Nitrate Reductase, Carboxylating Enzymes, and Water-soluble Proteins in Two Field-grown Cultivars of Triticum

Nitrate reductase, RuDP¹ carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, and water-solubleproteins have been studied during the vegetative cycles of onesoft and one hard wheat cultivar. Nitrate reductase was similarin amount and in pattern of variation in both varieties, thevariations being related to the phenological state of the plant,because the seasonal trend was not in phase in the two varieties.The pattern of change in water-soluble proteins was significantlydifferent in the two cultivars, namely in the consistent declineshown by the upper leaves of soft wheat. RuDP carboxylase was almost identical in amount and absolutelyin phase between the two varieties, showing a dependence onseasonal factors, possibly through a photoperiodic effect. Thechanges in PEP carboxylase were similar in the two wheats andgenerally synchronous. The fluctuation in the RuDP carboxylase/PEPcarboxylase ratio was due primarily to the increase in RuDPcarboxvlase activity.     

胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解对土壤活性有机碳含量及其三维荧光特性的影响

通过室内试验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地碱蓬、芦苇、互花米草枯落物的分解过程,测定土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳)含量变化,并利用三维荧光技术对可溶性有机碳(DOC)进行光谱分析.结果表明: 土壤活性有机碳含量呈先增加后降低最终趋于稳定的变化趋势;不同枯落物类型和添加方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响不同,表现为碱蓬＞互花米草＞芦苇,且原状混合＞表面覆盖;光谱分析表明,分解过程各三维荧光光谱的荧光峰数量、荧光中心位置和荧光强度都存在一定差异,添加枯落物后土壤未发现类酪氨酸峰;芳香类蛋白物质占比最高,腐殖质类物质次之.枯落物分解是以微生物分解作用为主导、枯落物性质为本质要素、多重因子综合作用的结果,其对提高土壤活性有机碳含量、增强土壤碳库的稳定性具有促进作用;该过程通过改变DOC的结构和化学组分,提高其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,增强生物可降解性和可利用性,促进微生物内源DOC的产生,加快湿地土壤碳循环.     

基于高速逆流色谱的大极性海参多肽分离方法研究

本文通过对HEMWat溶剂体系中28种常用溶剂系统单相以及整体极性进行系统分析,探讨了无法用常规J型逆流色谱实现对大极性化合物实现有效分离的原因。根据分析结果建立了一种以分离物质理化性质为基础选择潜在改性剂,样品在溶剂系统上相中的溶解程度为判断指标进行筛选逆流色谱溶剂系统改性剂,进而得到适宜的溶剂系统对大极性海参多肽样品进行系统分段方法。经过两步分离,共得到8个随极性分布的海参多肽片段,为海参多肽最佳活性物质的追踪和筛选提供了技术支持。     

巢蕨配子体的新观察

在不添加任何外源激素的条件下,用水来隔绝空气,即在试管中沉水条件下培养狭翅巢蕨(Neottopteris antrophyoides (Christ) Ching)的孢子,首次成功地诱导出极端简化的雄性配子体,简化程度几乎与被子植物的花粉粒相当,只由1个营养细胞、1条假根和1个精子器组成。本文讨论了在高等植物生活史系统演化方面,环境因素可能起到的作用。     

Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in the green leaf bug,Lygus lucorum Meyer‐Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae)

We developed eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for the green leaf bug, Lygus lucorum Meyer‐Dür. The number of observed alleles per locus in 48 individuals ranged from three to 13, whereas the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.133 to 0.810 and from 0.236 to 0.886, respectively. Cross‐species amplifications were conducted both within and between generas, and the amplification results indicated that these primers enriched for L. lucorum Meyer‐Dür are species‐specific.     

广义Rothermel模型预测平地无风条件下红松蒙古栎林地表混合可燃物的火行为

以帽儿山地区红松-蒙古栎林下地表混合可燃物为材料,进行不同含水率、载量和混合比例的室内点烧试验,观测得到蔓延速率、驻留时间、反应强度、火线强度和火焰长度,并与采用表面积加权法和载量加权法的广义Rothermel模型预测值进行比较.结果表明： 广义Rothermel模型对红松 蒙古栎林下地表混合可燃物的林火蔓延速率、反应强度的预测平均绝对误差分别为0.04 m·min^-1、77 kW·m^-2,预测平均相对误差分别为16%、22%;对驻留时间、火线强度和火焰长度的预测偏低,预测平均绝对误差分别为15.5 s、17.3 kW·m^-1和9.7 cm,预测平均相对误差分别为55.5%、48.7%和24%.这些误差可以看成是用该模型预测同类可燃物相应火行为的误差下限.两种加权算法对模型预测精度影响差异不大,当红松可燃物所占比重较小时,表面积加权法得到的蔓延速率和反应强度预测值精度较高,载量加权法得到的火线强度和火焰长度预测值精度较高;当红松可燃物所占比重较大时,结果则相反.