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11.
12.
Felix Gremse Oliver Krone Mirko Thamm Fabian Kiessling René Hany Tolba Siegfried Rieger Carl Gremse 《PloS one》2014,9(7)
Background
Lead-free hunting bullets are an alternative to lead-containing bullets which cause health risks for humans and endangered scavenging raptors through lead ingestion. However, doubts concerning the effectiveness of lead-free hunting bullets hinder the wide-spread acceptance in the hunting and wildlife management community.Methods
We performed terminal ballistic experiments under standardized conditions with ballistic soap as surrogate for game animal tissue to characterize dimensionally stable, partially fragmenting, and deforming lead-free bullets and one commonly used lead-containing bullet. The permanent cavities created in soap blocks are used as a measure for the potential wound damage. The soap blocks were imaged using computed tomography to assess the volume and shape of the cavity and the number of fragments. Shots were performed at different impact speeds, covering a realistic shooting range. Using 3D image segmentation, cavity volume, metal fragment count, deflection angle, and depth of maximum damage were determined. Shots were repeated to investigate the reproducibility of ballistic soap experiments.Results
All bullets showed an increasing cavity volume with increasing deposited energy. The dimensionally stable and fragmenting lead-free bullets achieved a constant conversion ratio while the deforming copper and lead-containing bullets showed a ratio, which increases linearly with the total deposited energy. The lead-containing bullet created hundreds of fragments and significantly more fragments than the lead-free bullets. The deflection angle was significantly higher for the dimensionally stable bullet due to its tumbling behavior and was similarly low for the other bullets. The deforming bullets achieved higher reproducibility than the fragmenting and dimensionally stable bullets.Conclusion
The deforming lead-free bullet closely resembled the deforming lead-containing bullet in terms of energy conversion, deflection angle, cavity shape, and reproducibility, showing that similar terminal ballistic behavior can be achieved. Furthermore, the volumetric image processing allowed superior analysis compared to methods that involve cutting of the soap blocks. 相似文献13.
Cynthia L. Pon Martin Brombach Sabine Thamm Claudio O. Gualerzi 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1989,218(2):355-357
Summary Using two synthetic deoxyribonucleotide probes encoding segments of the primary structure of initiation factor IF3 from Bacillus stearothermophilus, we identified and cloned a segment of DNA which carries the infC gene. As in Escherichia coli, the infC gene begins with the unusual initiation triplet AUU, and is followed by the structural genes for ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 (rpmI and rplT, respectively). 相似文献
14.
L. Kohlmeier G. Arminger S. Bartolomeycik B. Bellach J. Rehm M. Thamm 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1992,305(6860):986-989
OBJECTIVE--To test the hypothesis that exposure to pet birds increases risk of developing lung cancer. DESIGN--Case-control study. Computerised interviews were used to assess previous exposure to pets and other risk factors for lung cancer. SETTING--Three major hospitals treating respiratory disease in former West Berlin. SUBJECTS--All people newly diagnosed as having primary malignant neoplasm of the trachea, bronchi, or lung who were 65 or younger and control subjects matched for age and sex from the general population of former West Berlin. 279 cases and 635 controls qualified for the study; 239 cases and 429 controls participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Odds ratio of developing lung cancer according to whether or not pet birds were kept and the duration of keeping pet birds. RESULTS--In addition to the risk of lung cancer imposed by smoking, passive smoking, and occupational exposure to carcinogens, an increased relative risk of 2.14 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 3.40) was found among people exposed to pet birds. The adjusted odds ratio for exposures longer than 10 years was 3.19 (1.48 to 8.21). CONCLUSIONS--Avian exposure seems to carry a risk of lung cancer. Until the pathogenesis is understood, long term exposure to pet birds in living areas should be avoided, especially among people at high risk of developing lung cancer. 相似文献
15.
C Koenecke CW Lee K Thamm L Föhse M Schafferus HW Mittrücker S Floess J Huehn A Ganser R Förster I Prinz 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2012,189(6):2890-2896
It is emerging that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells can produce the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ when stimulated in a Th1 cytokine environment. In this study, we report that Foxp3(+) Treg cells readily produced IFN-γ in vivo in a highly inflammatory model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and during a Th1-dominated immune response to intracellular bacteria. Moreover, stimulation in vitro via TCR in the presence of IL-12 alone was sufficient to induce IFN-γ production by Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transfer of donor Treg cells can prevent lethal GVHD; therefore, we used this model as a robust readout for in vivo Treg function. Interestingly, >50% of allogeneic donor, but not residual recipient Foxp3(+) Treg cells produced IFN-γ after transplantation, suggesting that this cytokine production was alloantigen specific. These IFN-γ producers were stable Foxp3(+) Treg cells because methylation analysis of the Foxp3 gene locus of transferred and reisolated Treg cells during GVHD showed a fully demethylated Treg-specific-demethylated region. Next, we addressed whether IFN-γ production was supporting or rather impairing the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells during GVHD. Blocking of IFN-γ with specific mAb completely abolished the beneficial effect of donor Treg cells. We could further show that only wild-type Treg cells, but not Treg cells from IFN-γ-deficient donor mice, prevented GVHD. This indicated that Treg cell-intrinsic IFN-γ production was required for their protective function. In conclusion, our data show that IFN-γ produced by Foxp3(+) Treg cells has essential immune-regulatory functions that are required for prevention of experimental GVHD. 相似文献
16.
Intralesional lipid-complexed cytokine/superantigen immunogene therapy for spontaneous canine tumors
Thamm DH Kurzman ID Macewen EG Feinmehl R Towell TL Longhofer SL Johnson CM Geoly FJ Stinchcomb DT 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2003,52(8):473-480
These studies sought to determine the gene expression and short-term effects of intralesional lipid-complexed immunogene therapy with constructs encoding Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and canine interleukin-2 (L-SEA/cIL-2) in dogs with tumors of various histotypes, and then to assess the safety and efficacy of repeated L-SEA/cIL-2 injections in dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas (STS). In the first study, pet dogs with a variety of tumors received a single intralesional injection of L-SEA/cIL-2, and surgical excision was performed 48 h later. In the second study, dogs with histologically confirmed STS were treated weekly for a maximum of 12 weeks with escalating doses of L-SEA/cIL-2. Tumors were then surgically excised and assessed histologically and immunohistochemically. Overall, treatments were well tolerated, with no dose-limiting toxicities encountered. At 48 h, in the single injection study, plasmid DNA was detected in 14 of 16 tumor samples, and plasmid-specific mRNA was detected in 3 of 14. In the multiple injection study, the overall response rate in dogs with STS was 25%, consisting of 3 complete responses (CR) and 1 partial response (PR). Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic inflammation was observed in all tumors from patients experiencing CR or PR, whereas these changes were not evident in tumors from nonresponders. The infiltrate was composed primarily of CD3(+) cells at 48 h from the single-injection study, and was composed of both CD3(+) and CD79a(+) cells at 12 weeks in responding dogs from the multiple-injection study. In conclusion, these studies suggests that intralesional L-SEA/cIL-2 immunotherapy is well tolerated, results in detectable transgene expression in canine tumors, and has antitumor activity in dogs with spontaneous STS. 相似文献
17.
18.
Fucose is a major constituent of the protein- and lipid-linked glycans of
the various life-cycle stages of schistosomes. These fucosylated glycans
are highly antigenic and seem to play a role in the pathology of
schistosomiasis. In this article we describe the identification and
characterization of two fucosyltransferases (FucTs) in cercariae of the
avian schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata, a GDP-Fuc:[Galbeta1--
>4]GlcNAcbeta-R alpha1-->3-FucT and a novel GDP-Fuc:Fucalpha-R
alpha1-- >2-FucT. Triton X-100 extracts of cercariae were assayed for
FucT activity using a variety of acceptor substrates. Type 1 chain
(Galbeta1- ->3GlcNAc) based compounds were poor acceptors, whereas those
based on a type 2 chain (Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc), whether
alpha2'-fucosylated, alpha3'-sialylated, or unsubstituted, and whether
present as oligosaccharide or contained in a glycopeptide or glycoprotein,
all served as acceptor substrates. In this respect the schistosomal alpha3-
FucT resembles human FucT V and VI rather than other known FucTs. N-
ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of several human FucTs, had no effect on the
activity of the schistosomal alpha3-FucT, whereas GDP-beta-S was strongly
inhibitory. Large scale incubations were carried out with
Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc, GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta-O -(CH2)8COOCH3 and
Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAcbeta1-->2Man as acceptor substrates and the
products of the incubations were isolated using a sequence of
chromatographic techniques. By methylation analysis and 2D-TOCSY and
ROESY1H-NMR spectroscopy the products formed were shown to be Galbeta1--
>4[Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAc,
GalNAcbeta1-->4[Fucalpha1-- >2Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbe
ta-O-(CH2)8COOCH3, and Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1--
>3GlcNAcbeta1-->2Man, respectively. It is concluded that the alpha2-
FucT and alpha3-FucT are involved in the biosynthesis of the (oligomeric)
Lewisx sequences and the Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAc structural
element that have been described on schistosomal glycoconjugates.
相似文献
19.
Acceptor specificity of the human leukocyte alpha3 fucosyltransferase: role of FucT-VII in the generation of selectin ligands 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Britten CJ; van den Eijnden DH; McDowell W; Kelly VA; Witham SJ; Edbrooke MR; Bird MI; de Vries T; Smithers N 《Glycobiology》1998,8(4):321-327
The alpha3 fucosyltransferase, FucT-VII, is one of the key
glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the sialyl Lewis X
(sLex) antigen on human leukocytes. The sialyl Lewis X antigen
(NeuAcalpha(2-3)Galbeta(1-4)[Fucalpha(1-3)]GlcNAc-R) is an essential
component of the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation,
mediating the primary interaction between circulating leukocytes and
activated endothelium. In order to characterize the enzymatic properties of
the leukocyte alpha3 fucosyltransferase FucT-VII, the enzyme has been
expressed in Trichoplusia ni insect cells. The enzyme is capable of
synthesizing both sLexand sialyl-dimeric-Lexstructures in vitro , from
3'-sialyl-lacNAc and VIM-2 structures, respectively, with only low levels
of fucose transfer observed to neutral or 3'-sulfated acceptors. Studies
using fucosylated NeuAcalpha(2-3)-(Galbeta(1- 4)GlcNAc)3-Me acceptors
demonstrate that FucT-VII is able to synthesize both di-fucosylated and
tri-fucosylated structures from mono- fucosylated precursors, but
preferentially fucosylates the distal GlcNAc within a polylactosamine
chain. Furthermore, the rate of fucosylation of the internal GlcNAc
residues is reduced once fucose has been added to the distal GlcNAc. These
results indicate that FucT-VII is capable of generating complex selectin
ligands, in vitro , however the order of fucose addition to the lactosamine
chain affects the rate of selectin ligand synthesis.
相似文献
20.
E Jaeger P Thamm I Schmidt S Knof L Moroder E Wünsch 《Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie》1978,359(2):155-164
The preparation of the pure 11-leucine analogue of human minigastrin I, a linear tridecapeptidaemide with full "gastrin activity", from the crude synthetic material obtained after deblocking of the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative by means of trifluoroacetic acid, is achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and subsequent partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The isolation of a synthetic side-product and its identification as human [10-(Nin-tert-butyl-tryptophan),11-leucine]minigastrin I by means of spectroscopic (UV, fluorescence, 1H-NMR, MS), enzymatic and chromatographic methods is described. The pure tridecapeptide amides human [Leu11]minigastrin I and human [Trp(1'-But)10,Leu11]minigastrin I are isolated in overall yields of 37.4% and 4.6%, respectively (mol-% with regard to the overall protected tridecapeptide amide derivative). 相似文献