The Effects of Salinity upon Ion Content and Ion Transport of the Marine RedAlga Porphyra purpurea(Roth) C.Ag.

Ion contents and concentrations (K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^–, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,SO^2–₄, NO^–₃, HPOJ^2–₄, amino and organic acids)of P. purpurea have been studied in relation to salinity variation.Cells were shown to accumulate large amounts of K⁺ and Cl^–against their respective gradients of electrochemical potentialin all dilute and concentrated seawater media. Active influxof SOJ^2–₄, NO^–₃, and HPOJ^2–₄ is also suggested,while Na⁺ is actively excluded from cells under hyposaline andhypersaline conditions. The relative proportions of individualcomponents of the internal osmotic potential were found to changeaccording to the external salt concentration. KCL forms themajor fraction of _j} in concentrated seawater media while K⁺-aminoacids form the major fraction in dilute seawaters. Other intracellularsolutes comprise less than 15% oft_j, in all media. Unidirectional fluxes of K⁺ and Cl^– were studied by radioisotopicmeans. Fluxes of K⁺ and Cl^– are reduced in hyposalinemedia, as is absolute KCL content per cell. Intracelhilar KCLcontent was also found to be markedly dependent upon externalK⁺ concentration, rather than water potential. Changes in KC1levels induced by salinity variation occur over a 6 h period.     

Intermittent positive pressure breathing: a clinical evaluation of its use in certain respiratory diseases

A series of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency were treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing, which was combined with administration of bronchodilator drugs of the epinephrine series. Spirographs were made before and after treatment. The series included patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, fibrosis of various kinds, senile emphysema and bronchogenic carcinoma. Although the majority showed objective improvement, a significant proportion in all groups did not, and some were made worse, apparently on a basis of check valve mechanisms unresolved by the bronchodilator drug. In cases in which the method benefited the patient, the benefit was greater than that obtained with bronchodilator drugs alone.     

Revision of the Bicyclus sciathis species group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records

In this paper we present a thorough revision of the sciathis species group of the butterfly genus Bicyclus (Kirby). Type materials are discussed and in several cases lectotypes are assigned to specimens from original type series. Four new, and morphologically distinct, species are described (B. elishiae Brattström sp.n. , B. heathi Brattström sp.n. , B. sigiussidorum Brattström sp.n. and B. subtilisurae Brattström sp.n. ), along with a comprehensive molecular phylogeny that includes exemplar taxa of all currently recognized species. We also investigate the types of all previously synonymized taxa and in the process invalidate the name B. ewondo Libert. This was done after finding the previously missing holotype of B. makomensis (Strand), which clearly belongs to the same species and thereby gives the older name priority. The phylogeny showed that some distinctly different species were surprisingly closely related, suggesting a high rate of morphological evolution in parts of the sciathis group. The distributional records for the group are updated after investigating over 1700 specimens kept in a range of museum collections. Many species previously thought to be broadly sympatric were found to have much more restricted ranges, with the previous overestimations probably based on misidentified specimens. The higher level of allopatry now established will make identification of many morphologically similar species easier. The fact that species often have smaller ranges than previously known, meaning that the level of endemism for African butterflies is likely to be higher than current estimates, has important implications for conservation management. An identification key for males of all 13 currently recognized species in the species group is included. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:837A9D4C‐779A‐4497‐8176‐7151D409DFA5 .