(E)-2-Styrylchromones as potential anti-norovirus agents

Human noroviruses (NoV) are now recognized as the most frequent cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. Despite the significant economic impact and considerable morbidity of norovirus disease, no drug or vaccine is currently available to treat or prevent this disease, therefore the discovery of anti-norovirus drugs is urgent.In the present work, a total of 12 structure related chromone and (E)-2-styrylchromones were evaluated for their potential anti-norovirus activity using the murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate model for human NoV.From the 12 compounds studied, six (E)-2-styrylchromones were found to have with interesting anti-norovirus activity. The best compounds of the series were (E)-5-hydroxy-2-styrylchromone and (E)-4′-methoxy-2-styrylchromone with an IC₅₀ ≈ 7 μM. A first insight into the mechanism of action of these compounds was possible. An interesting relationship between the anti-norovirus activity and the chemical structure was observed. The present study points out that the (E)-2-styrylchromones skeleton is an important one which deserves to be developed and further explored as new antiviral drugs against NoV.     

Screening Microalgae Strains for Biodiesel Production: Lipid Productivity and Estimation of Fuel Quality Based on Fatty Acids Profiles as Selective Criteria

The viability of algae-based biodiesel industry depends on the selection of adequate strains in regard to profitable yields and oil quality. This work aimed to bioprospecting and screening 12 microalgae strains by applying, as selective criteria, the volumetric lipid productivity and the fatty acid profiles, used for estimating the biodiesel fuel properties. Volumetric lipid productivity varied among strains from 22.61 to 204.91 mg l^?1 day^?1. The highest lipid yields were observed for Chlorella (204.91 mg l^?1 day¹) and Botryococcus strains (112.43 and 98.00 mg l^?1 day^?1 for Botryococcus braunii and Botryococcus terribilis, respectively). Cluster and principal components analysis analysis applied to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles discriminated three different microalgae groups according to their potential for biodiesel production. Kirchneriella lunaris, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Chlamydocapsa bacillus, and Ankistrodesmus falcatus showed the highest levels of polyunsaturated FAME, which incurs in the production of biodiesels with the lowest (42.47–50.52) cetane number (CN), the highest (101.33–136.97) iodine values (IV), and the lowest oxidation stability. The higher levels of saturated FAME in the oils of Chlamydomonas sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus indicated them as source of biodiesel with higher oxidation stability, higher CN (63.63–64.94), and lower IV (27.34–35.28). The third group, except for the Trebouxyophyceae strains that appeared in isolation, are composed by microalgae that generate biodiesel of intermediate values for CN, IV, and oxidation stability, related to their levels of saturated and monosaturated lipids. Thus, in this research, FAME profiling suggested that the best approach for generating a microalgae-biodiesel of top quality is by mixing the oils of distinct cell cultures.     

A novel leptospiral protein increases ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

It has been reported previously that activation of vascular endothelium by outer membrane proteins of the spirochetes Borrelia sp. and Treponema sp. resulted in enhanced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. To investigate the role of leptospiral proteins in this process, a predicted lipoprotein encoded by the gene LIC10365 was selected, which belongs to a paralogous family that presents a domain of unknown function, DUF1565. The LIC10365 gene was cloned and the protein expressed in Escherichia coli C43 (DE3) strain using the vector pAE. The recombinant protein tagged with N-terminal hexahistidine was purified by metal-charged chromatography and was used to assess its ability to activate cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The rLIC10365 activated endothelium in such a manner that E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) became upregulated in a dose-dependent fashion. The LIC10365-encoded protein was identified in vivo in the renal tubules of animal during experimental infection with Leptospira interrogans. Collectively, these results implicate the LIC10365-coding protein of L. interrogans as a potential effector molecule in the promotion of a host inflammatory response. This is the first report of a leptospiral protein capable of up-regulating the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin.     

Influence of temperature on microsporidia infections in a natural population of Simulium pertinax Kollar, 1832 (Diptera; Simuliidae).

During the studies involving the correlation between the water temperature of the breeding site of Simulium pertinax larvae and the infection prevalence by microsporidia, developed in the Andorinhas river, Magé, RJ, weekly samples of blackfly larvae were taken within a two-year period (2001-2002 and 2003-2004), and it was noticed that the infections by Amblyospora sp. were more prevalent when compared to infections by Polydispyrenia sp. in larvae. It was also observed that the infections do not follow the same pattern, since the genus Amblyospora was recorded almost every month during the study with the exception of December, 2001. In the results of correlation between the environmental water temperature and the microsporidia infection rates, it was observed that for the first period studied, there was a high negative correlation, while during the second period there was absence correlation. On the other hand, the Amblyospora sp. infection rates prove that the correlation was high and significant in the first period, but was not significant in the second sampling period and Polydispyrenia sp. showed absence correlation in both periods.     

Chromanones with leishmanicidal activity from Calea uniflora

The dichloromethane extract of Calea uniflora afforded a mixture of two novel chromanones, uniflorol-A (1) and uniflorol-B (2), and one known chromanone, 2,2-dimethyl-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-chroman-4-one (3). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Biological activity of the compounds against Leishmania major promastigotes was evaluated. Mixture of the novel chromanones 1 and 2 showed significant growth inhibition of the parasite in the micrograms per milliliter range.     

Physiological Aspects of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) as a Function of Salinity

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - This study evaluated the effect of saline water irrigation (4.5 dS m−1) on growth, gas exchange and mineral nutrient content in eight melon accessions and...     

Role of Magnesium in Oxidative Stress in Individuals with Obesity

Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ that promotes excessive production of reactive oxygen species when in excess, thus contributing to lipid peroxidation. Magnesium deficiency contributes to the development of oxidative stress in obese individuals, as this mineral plays a role as an antioxidant, participates as a cofactor of several enzymes, maintains cell membrane stability and mitigates the effects of oxidative stress. The objective of this review is to bring together updated information on the participation of magnesium in the oxidative stress present in obesity. We conducted a search of articles published in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases, using the keywords ‘magnesium’, ‘oxidative stress’, ‘malondialdehyde’, ‘superoxide dismutase’, ‘glutathione peroxidase’, ‘reactive oxygen species’, ‘inflammation’ and ‘obesity’. The studies show that obese subjects have low serum concentrations of magnesium, as well as high concentrations of oxidative stress marker in these individuals. Furthermore, it is evident that the adequate intake of magnesium contributes to its appropriate homeostasis in the body. Thus, this review of current research can help define the need for intervention with supplementation of this mineral for the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.     

Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in rats

The systemic and regional hemodynamics effects of ANG-(1-7) were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. The blood flow distribution (kidneys, skin, mesentery, lungs, spleen, brain, muscle, and adrenals), cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were investigated by using fluorescent microspheres. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded from the brachial artery. ANG-(1-7) infusion (110 fmol x min(-1) x 10 min(-1) iv) significantly increased blood flow to the kidney (5.10 +/- 1.07 to 8.30 +/- 0.97 ml x min(-1) x g(-1)), mesentery (0.73 +/- 0.16 to 1.17 +/- 0.49 ml x min(-1) x g(-1)), brain (1.32 +/- 0.44 to 2.18 +/- 0.85 ml x min(-1) x g(-1)), and skin (0.07 +/- 0.02 to 0.18 +/- 0.07 ml x min(-1) x g(-1)) and the vascular conductance in these organs. ANG-(1-7) also produced a significant increase in cardiac index (30%) and a decrease in total peripheral resistance (2.90 +/- 0.55 to 2.15 +/- 0.28 mmHg x ml(-1) x min x 100 g). Blood flow to the spleen, muscle, lungs, and adrenals, as well as the blood pressure and heart rate, were not altered by the ANG-(1-7) infusion. The selective ANG-(1-7) antagonist A-779 reduced the blood flow in renal, cerebral, mesenteric, and cutaneous beds and blocked the ANG-(1-7)-induced vasodilatation in the kidney, mesentery, and skin, suggesting a significant role of endogenous ANG-(1-7) in these territories. The effects of ANG-(1-7) on the cerebral blood flow, cardiac index, systolic volume, and total peripheral resistance were partially attenuated by A-779. A high dose of ANG-(1-7) (11 pmol x min(-1) x 10 min(-1)) caused an opposite effect of that produced by the low dose. Our results show for the first time that ANG-(1-7) has a previously unsuspected potent effect in the blood flow distribution and systemic hemodynamics.