Activity Changes in Selected Enzymes from Soybean Leaves Following Ozone Exposure

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were harvested at various time periods after a 2-h exposure to either 0 or 0.5 μ1/1 ozone to determine the effects of ozone on selected enzymes. Carbohydrate metabolism was modified by a depression of glyceraldehyde 3-phaosphate dehydrogenase and an activation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ozone did not alter the levels of RNase, protease, acid phosphatase or esterase as might be expected if ozone enhanced leaf senescence. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were initially depressed and then stimulated following the ozone exposure. The reactions of soybeans to an acute ozone stress were more nearly akin to those elicited in response to other stresses than to the process of senescence.     

Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium

Thirty forest sites in Georgia were sampled to obtain inventories of their land snail faunas. The sites, in nine sampling areas, ranged from Batumi near the Turkish border to Lagodekhi near the Azerbaijan border, and included parts of both the Lesser and Greater Caucasus mountains and the Colchic lowlands. Abundance was generally low, and most sites held less than 20 species. Ninety species were found overall. Although sites within some sampling areas had very similar faunas, the overall levels of similarity among sites and sampling areas was low, especially when compared with similar forests from northern central Europe. Both climate and geographical position affected similarity: although these were correlated, independent effects of each were detected, and the effect of position alone was strongest. Despite this effect, most species have ranges extending into Turkey or Ciscaucasia, a few have very limited ranges, and there is no evidence of patterns of allopatric replacement among congeners. These patterns resemble those seen in faunas from forests in lower latitudes, and suggest a slow build‐up of regional diversity by differentiation in situ, without the repeated restrictions to a multiplicity of small refugia that are characteristic of areas where fluctuations in aridity are important. The refugium has remained isolated, and has contributed little to the Holocene recolonization of areas further north. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 239–250.     

A cryptic contact zone between divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages in southwestern North America supports past introgressive hybridization in the yellow‐rumped warbler complex (Aves: Dendroica coronata)

Using genetic data to study the process of population divergence is central to understanding speciation, yet distinguishing between recent divergence and introgressive hybridization is challenging. In a previous study on the phylogeography of the yellow‐rumped warbler complex using mitochondrial (mt)DNA data, we reported limited sequence divergence and a lack of reciprocal monophyly between myrtle and Audubon's warblers (Dendroica coronata and Dendroica auduboni, respectively), suggesting very recent isolation. In the present study, we report the results obtained from a subsequent sampling of Audubon's warbler in Arizona and Utah (‘memorabilis’ race), which shows that, although this taxon is similar to auduboni in plumage colour, most memorabilis individuals sampled (93%) carry haplotypes that belong to the divergent black‐fronted warbler lineage (Dendroica nigrifrons) of Mexico. Furthermore, the auduboni and nigrifrons lineages mix in southern Utah at a narrow, yet apparently ‘cryptic’ contact zone. Newly‐available evidence from nuclear markers indicating marked differentiation between auduboni and coronata has focused attention on the possibility of mtDNA introgression in the absence of nuclear gene flow, and the results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that the mtDNA of auduboni was indeed historically introgressed from the coronata lineage. Analysis of morphological traits shows that memorabilis is significantly differentiated from auduboni and nigrifrons in some traits, yet is overall intermediate between the two, which is consistent with a shared common ancestor for the auduboni/memorabilis/nigrifrons group. The striking, unexpected mtDNA pattern reported in the present study reveals a complex evolutionary history of the yellow‐rumped warbler complex, and cautions against the exclusive use of mtDNA to infer evolutionary relationships. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 696–706.     

Testing congruency of geographic and genetic population structure for a freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionoida) and its host fish

The macrogeographic dispersal of unionoid mussels is largely dependent on movement by their host fish. The snuffbox mussel Epioblasma triquetra (Unionoida) and other congeners use a novel trapping behaviour to parasitize potential host fish with their larvae (glochidia). Common logperch (Percina caprodes) trapped by E. triquetra survive the trapping behaviour, whereas other darter species (Etheostoma and Percina) do not, thus, making the P. caprodes–E. triquetra relationship a good candidate system for a coevolutionary study. We hypothesized that the geographic genetic structure of E. triquetra should closely match that of its host, albeit with greater interpopulation divergences as a result of its dependency on the host for dispersal. Mantel tests of parallel pairwise matrices of population divergence (Jost's D) and genetic assignment tests based on microsatellite DNA data showed that the genetic population structures of both species were broadly, but not perfectly, congruent. Therefore, it appears that P. caprodes are not solely responsible for the genetic population structure observed for snuffbox and may not necessarily be the mussel's only host across its entire range. This suggests the potential for a geographic mosaic for coevolution in unionoids and darters. The findings of the present study reinforce the need for a joint study and conservation of unionoids and host fish aiming to protect these coevolved taxa. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 669–685.     

A novel parasitoid and a declining butterfly: cause or coincidence?

1. The small tortoiseshell butterfly (Aglais urticae L.) is considered to be a widespread and abundant generalist species in Northern Europe. However, it declined sharply in the U.K. between 2003 and 2008, coinciding with the arrival and spread of a parasitoid, Sturmia bella Meig. (Diptera: Tachinidae), which specialises on nymphalid butterflies. 2. Whether the decline in A. urticae is associated with the arrival of S. bella was investigated using data from a large‐scale butterfly monitoring scheme, and by collecting larvae to assess parasitoid incidence and parasitism frequency. Similar data were compiled for a related butterfly (Inachis io) which is also parasitised by S. bella but which is not declining. 3. Sturmia bella was recorded as far north as north Lincolnshire (53.53°N). Aglais urticae has declined significantly to the south of this latitude, but not to the north. 4. Sturmia bella was present in 26% and 15% of the larval groups of A. urticae and I. io, respectively, and now kills more individuals of A. urticae (but not I. io) than any native parasitoid. 5. Survival was 25–48% lower in batches of A. urticae larvae where S. bella was present, indicating that S. bella causes host mortality in addition to that caused by native parasitoids. 6. Our results suggest that S. bella may be playing a role in the recent decline of A. urticae. However, further research is needed to establish its effects relative to other potential drivers of trends in the abundance of this butterfly.     

Integrative taxonomy,or iterative taxonomy?

The recently introduced term ‘integrative taxonomy’ refers to taxonomy that integrates all available data sources to frame species limits. We survey current taxonomic methods available to delimit species that integrate a variety of data, including molecular and morphological characters. A literature review of empirical studies using the term ‘integrative taxonomy’ assessed the kinds of data being used to frame species limits, and methods of integration. Almost all studies are qualitative and comparative – we are a long way from a repeatable, quantitative method of truly ‘integrative taxonomy’. The usual methods for integrating data in phylogenetic and population genetic paradigms are not appropriate for integrative taxonomy, either because of the diverse range of data used or because of the special challenges that arise when working at the species/population boundary. We identify two challenges that, if met, will facilitate the development of a more complete toolkit and a more robust research programme in integrative taxonomy using species tree approaches. We propose the term ‘iterative taxonomy’ for current practice that treats species boundaries as hypotheses to be tested with new evidence. A search for biological or evolutionary explanations for discordant evidence can be used to distinguish between competing species boundary hypotheses. We identify two recent empirical examples that use the process of iterative taxonomy.