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101.
102.
Following the traditions of ethnographic analysis, an account is given here of Best Value, the United Kingdom government's inspection of the services provided by municipalities and other local units of administration. My analysis is based largely upon the categories and terms used by the inspectorate itself. It is argued that in each of the main areas of inspection the results appear to contradict the intentions set out for the inspection. This appears to be the result of processes of abstraction which arise during the inspection. Such abstraction was located in the rise of jargon and bureaucracy as a result of the sheer scale of this audit, in the externalization of critical factors during market testing, in the emphasis on the representation of consulting over the results of consultation, and through the privileging of quantitative over qualitative information. Finally, the phrase 'owning the process' is analysed to show how the central ethos of serving the public is negated by these same forces. All these forms of abstraction are shown to occur despite, rather than because of, the intentions of the inspectorate. In the conclusion, they are analysed as contradictions which arise as a result of forces that are described by a theory of Virtualism. 相似文献
103.
Reproductive and Foraging Energetics of High Latitude Penguins, Albatrosses and Pinnipeds: Implications for Life History Patterns 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pinnipeds and seabirds feed at sea, but are tied to shore torear their young. Such a fundamental life history constraintshould lead to convergent adaptations in foraging and reproductiveecology. However, intrinsic differences in mammalian and avianreproductive biology may limitthe potential for convergence.In this paper I examine both reproductive and foraging energeticsof pinnipeds and seabirds. This is done in an attempt to identifytraits that might be considered convergent adaptations to lifein the marine environment and to show how divergent life historypatterns are optimal for different reasons. From this analysiswe find that seabirds invest a greater total amount of energyand protein into the offspring than pinnipeds, but this comesat the cost of making more trips to sea. Whereas pinnipeds foragein a manner more consistent with the predictions of centralplace foraging theory and exhibit a greater ability to compensateto the shortened breeding season typical of high latitude environments. 相似文献
104.
Dependence among responses in using the A-Not A or " Yes-No" task are accounted for in new hypothesis testing models. The new models involve adjustments to Pearson's and McNemar's chi-square statistics and to the variance of d', a measure of signal detectability or sensitivity. 相似文献
105.
DANIEL CRAWFORD MIYUKI TAGO-NAKAZAWA† TOD F. STUESSY‡ GREGORY J. ANDERSON§ GABRIEL BERNARDELLO¶ EDUARDO RUIZ RICHARD J. JENSEN†† CARLOSM BAEZA REA D. WOLFE‡‡ MARIO SILVA O 《Plant Species Biology》2001,16(3):185-192
Sixteen populations and 89 individuals of Lactoris fernandeziana were examined for variation in intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) banding patterns. The species is a rare endemic of Masatierra Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, and is the only member of the endemic family Lactoridaceae. Five populations showed a single genotype whereas the other 11 populations had from two to 16 multilocus genotypes. Over 73% of the ISSR diversity occurred across populations, with only about 27% within populations. Diversity among populations results from the presence of different subsets of loci within each population rather than unique loci within populations; only two populations displayed novel loci, with one and three in each. Levels of differentiation at ISSR loci among populations are not correlated with geographic distance on Masatierra; rather, the pattern of variation is mosaic. The presence of differentiated local populations is concordant with the geitonogamous breeding system of the species and suggests low levels of long distance pollen or seed dispersal. The mosaic pattern of ISSR variation on Masatierra may result, in part, from drift and inbreeding in small populations following fragmentation of a once more continuous distribution of Lactoris with the formation of canyons by erosion. Also, the generation of new ISSR loci by mutation could occur with rare, sporadic gene flow among populations accounting for the mosaic pattern of variation and the paucity of unique alleles within populations. The ISSR results for Lactoris suggest that studies of morphological, ecological and physiological features may elucidate differentiation among populations of L. fernandeziana . Field studies have demonstrated that plants occur both in the dense forest understory and in the full sunlight in forest openings. 相似文献
106.
MATTHEW S. LOGAN SARA J. IVERSON DANIEL E. RUZZANTE SANDRA J. WALDE PATRICIO J. MACCHI MARCELO F. ALONSO VICTOR E. CUSSAC 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2000,69(4):599-616
Divergent natural selection is often believed to be the driving force behind phenotypic differentiation in characters related to resource acquisition, leading to trophic polymorphism in fishes. Here we use variation in the fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues to look at differences in resource use by two recently described sympatric morphs of Percichthys trucha , a common freshwater fish of the Andean and Patagonian regions of South America. Because dietary fatty acids are often stored in carnivorous animals with litde modification after consumption, they can be used to infer information about dietary habits of individuals. We found that the two morphs differed in the overall composition of fatty acids in both adipose and muscle tissue, but that there were some differences in how die morphs differed in lakes from the northern vs southern part of the range. Furthermore, we found that certain fatty acids were correlated with diet as determined by gut content analysis. Consumption of anisopteran larvae was highly correlated widi 14:0 in adipose and muscle tissue; and higher levels of longer chain unsaturated fatty acids (i.e. 20 and 22 carbons) were correlated with die presence offish and also amphipods in die diets. Taken togetiier, die results suggest that diere are marked differences in die foraging ecology of die two morphs of P. trucha inhabiting southern Andean lakes. 相似文献
107.
JÖRN PECKMANN BABA SENOWBARI-DARYAN DANIEL BIRGEL JAMES L. GOEDERT 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2007,40(3):273-280
Crustacean microcoprolites are preserved along with crustacean megafossils in an Eocene limestone within the Humptulips Formation in Grays Harbor County, Washington. The limestone formed at a methane seep, as revealed by early diagenetic carbonate phases resembling those of other seep limestones, δ13 Ccarbonate values as low as −27‰, and lipid biomarkers of prokaryotes involved in anaerobic oxidation of methane with δ13 C values as low as −110‰. Recognizable crustacean megafossils are chiefly isolated chelipeds, akin to those of callianassid shrimp. The microcoprolites are pierced by ten longitudinal canals with crescent-shaped outlines in cross-section, arranged in two symmetrical groups. The symmetry plan and number of canals of the microcoprolites identify the Humptulips ichnospecies as Palaxius habanensis Brönnimann & Norton. The occurrence of decapod fossils along with microcoprolites suggests that callianassid shrimp were the producers of the Palaxius , supporting earlier work that attributed this ichnogenus to callianassids. 相似文献
108.
CARL F. T. MATTERN B. M. HONIGBERG WENDELL A. DANIEL 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1973,20(2):222-229
SYNOPSIS. Several fine-structural changes were observed during formation of the so-called pseudocysts of Trichomitus batrachorum grown in an agar-free medium. Among these changes the most frequent were those of the undulating membrane complex. Internalization of the marginal lamella combined with disappearance of the fin-like, membranous dorsal fold occurred with the highest frequency. In many organisms these alterations were accompanied by internalization of the recurrent flagellum, which, however, remained external in other, presumably earlier stages of pseudocyst formation. In some of the internalized and even still external recurrent flagella the microtubules were in various states of disassembly. The often distended flagellar membrane enclosed large accumulations of filaments 5 nm in diameter. Internalization of the anterior flagella also was noted. Changes similar to those characteristic of the recurrent flagella were not seen, however, among the microtubules of the anterior flagella or among those of the pelta or the axostyle. 相似文献
109.
WENDELL A. DANIEL CARL F. T. MATTERN B. M. HONIGBERG 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1971,18(4):575-586
SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas muris shares many fine-structural details with the previously described members of the family Trichomonadidae, and especially with the organisms belonging to the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae. Among the features which T. muris has in common with all Trichomonadidae and in all probability with other Trichomonadida are the arrangement and structure of: the kinetosomes; many rootlet filaments, including the sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2; the parabasal apparatus; and the pelta-axostyle complex. The structures which T. muris-type flagellates share with other Tritrichomonadinae, and especially with Tritrichomonas augusta-type species (including T. foetus), but not with Trichomonadinae that have been studied to date, are: the Type A costa; a comb-like structure, which appears to have replaced the costal base of Trichomonadinae and of Hypotrichomonas; the suprakinetosomal body, rudimentary in T. muris; and the infrakinetosomal body. The undulating membrane, like that of T. augusta-type organisms, consists of a proximal and a distal part. The proximal part, which contains the proximal marginal lamella, is less developed in T. muris than in T. augusta-type flagellates, being represented by a relatively low ridge for the entire length of the organism. The distal part of the membrane in T. muris, on the other hand, is more highly developed; it is a heavy cord, with a distal marginal lamella which consists of a large triangular organelle having a highly ordered structure and 2 less well defined cords distal to this organelle. The tubules of the recurrent flagellum occupy the area distal to the cords. The sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2, unlike those of other Trichomonadidae examined to date, extend posteriorly to the peltar-axostylar junction; they seem to terminate within the cytoplasm near, but not connected to the axostyle. In addition to the Type A costa, there is a small rootlet filament, which appears to be homologous to the rudimentary costa noted in Hypotrichomonas. Some of the paraxostylar and paracostal granules consist of an outer, relatively dense layer and an inner “core” of moderate density; between the 2 there is a lucent ring. The discussion deals in some detail with the possible nature of the paraxostylar and paracostal granules in trichomonads. The taxonomic status of Tritrichomonas cricetus (Wantland) [Tritrichomonas criceti (Wantland) emend. Levine] and Trichomonas criceti Ray & Sen Gupta is discussed in an appendix; it is concluded that both of these names are synonyms of T. muris (Grassi). 相似文献
110.