硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草2E和4E附加系及E染色体传递

为探讨长穗偃麦草E染色体在硬粒小麦背景中的传递特点,利用染色体特异分子标记、基因组原位杂交(GISH)、非变性荧光原位杂交(ND FISH)等方法,对小偃麦8801(AABBEE)与硬粒小麦(AABB)杂交后代中选育的株系Du_No.2和Du_No.4进行了分析。结果表明：(1)分子标记检测株系Du_No.2及Du_No.4分别能扩增出长穗偃麦草2E、4E染色体特异条带。(2)GISH和ND FISH分析显示,株系Du_No.2和Du_No.4分别附加了1条2E和4E染色体,表明株系Du_No.2 和Du_No.4分别为硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草2E和4E单体附加系。(3)2个株系的减数分裂过程观察发现,后期Ⅰ、Ⅱ和末期Ⅱ都有E染色体分离异常现象,且株系Du_No.2和 Du_No.4的异常率分别为22.24%和36.18%。(4)2个株系分别与硬粒小麦进行正反杂交的后代PCR分析表明, 2E和4E染色体经雄配子的传递率分别为4.41%和2.17%,而通过雌配子的传递率都为零,表明2E和4E染色体在硬粒小麦背景中能通过雄配子传递,但不通过雌配子的传递。该研究为创建全套硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草双体附加系及代换系提供基础。     

2种新型ω-芋螺毒素的合成及作用靶点鉴定

目的:合成2个来自泡芋螺的新型ω-芋螺毒素Bu1、Bu13,测定其作用靶标,为研制新型镇痛药提供先导化合物。方法:固相合成线性肽,然后在折叠液(0.5 mol/L乙酸铵、1 mmol/L谷胱甘肽、0.1 mmol/L氧化谷胱甘肽)中于4℃折叠24～48 h,富集纯化得目标肽;利用膜片钳技术,测定其对N、P/Q及L型钙离子通道的抑制活性。结果:Bu1、Bu13对N型钙离子通道的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.86、1.02μmol/L,抑制作用低于MⅦA(IC50=0.21μmol/L);10μmol/L Bu1、Bu13对P/Q型钙离子通道的抑制率分别为17.05%±1.34%、13.1%±2.69%,稍高于MⅦA(8.92%±2.12%);10μmol/L Bu1、Bu13对L型钙离子通道的抑制率分别为19.31%±6.22%、4.78%±0.77%,高于MⅦA(<5%)。结论:Bu1、Bu13选择性作用于N型钙离子通道,对P/Q、L型钙离子通道的抑制作用较低。     

Effects of quorum sensing autoinducer degradation gene on virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The aiiA gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was cloned into the Pseudomonas/E. coli shuttle vector and transformed into Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. Western blotting showed that the AiiA protein was expressed in PAO1. After induction by IPTG for 6 h and 18 h, expression of the aiiA gene in PAO1 completely degraded the quorum sensing autoinducers N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs): N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL). The reduced amount of AHLs in PAO1 was also correlated with decreased expression and production of several virulence factors such as elastase and pyocyanin. AiiA expression also influenced bacterial swarming motility. Most importantly, our studies indicated that aiiA played significant roles in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and dispersion, as observed by the differences of the biofilm formation on liquid and solid surfaces, and biofilm structures under a scanning electron microscope. These authors contributed equally to this work Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30570020) and Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2004ABA120)     

土著知识在生物多样性保护和利用中的研究进展

土著知识作为一种特定的知识形态,在保护生物多样性、促进资源可持续利用和社会协调发展等方面具有重要的作用,越来越受到社会各界尤其是学术界的重视。为了让大家更好地了解土著知识研究的状况,结合我们开展的工作,从国内外土著知识研究简史、土著知识研究代表性项目和单位及资助机构、土著知识项目实施产生的效果、土著知识研究利用的展望4个方面进行了综述。     

神经前体细胞表达发育性下调蛋白4在消化系统肿瘤发生中的作用

神经前体细胞表达发育性下调蛋白4(neural precursor cell expressed,developmentally down-regulated protein 4,NEDD4-1,部分文章也称NEDD4)是近年来才备受关注的肿瘤相关基因,属于E3 HECT(homologous to E6 associated protein C terminus,E6蛋白c端同源基因)泛素连接酶NEDD4样家族成员。泛素连接酶,能够参与多种蛋白质的泛素化、溶酶体及蛋白酶体的降解、胞核-胞质转位等,间接影响不同恶性肿瘤的多种信号通路。随着大量NEDD4-1与肿瘤相关实验的不断深入,目前已发现其可通过调控细胞周期、癌细胞侵袭转移、拮抗耐药性等许多途径影响肿瘤的生物学行为。在消化系统肿瘤中,NEDD4-1主要通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT、TGF-β、Hippo、LDLRAD4等多条通路促进肝细胞癌的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力;在胰腺癌中发现,NEDD4-1在PI3K/AKT信号通路中发挥癌基因作用,但在与Myc-SIRT2所形成的信号环路中,却发挥抑癌基因的作用;在胃癌和结直肠癌中,NEDD4-1所参与的信号通路与其他消化系统肿瘤均不相同,NEDD4-1能独立于PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路而发挥促进胃癌恶化、转移(EGFR信号通路)和抑制结直肠癌肿瘤生长(WNT信号通路)的作用。NEDD4-1已经成为人们治愈肿瘤的热门研究方向。本文通过系统总结NEDD4-1在不同消化系统肿瘤中的功能、信号通路和潜在抑制剂等,进行探讨NEDD4-1与不同信号通路的关系,旨为临床在癌症治疗领域提供重要的参考数据。     

环足施氏冠蜂——中国新记录种（膜翅目：冠蜂科）

本文结合形态学特征和线粒体COI基因分子数据,记述了采集于我国山东省的冠蜂科一新记录种：环足施氏冠蜂Schlettererius cinctipes (Cresson, 1880),详细描述了该种的形态特征,并提供鉴定特征图以及COI序列。通过与来自于北美、日本和澳洲的环足施氏冠蜂的COI序列对比,相似度达到99.79%。虽然环足施氏冠蜂在我国的寄主未能明确,但由于该蜂从松幽天牛Asemum amurense Kraatz, 1879为害的松木中羽化出来,能为其寄主的确定提供参考。研究标本分别保存在华南农业大学膜翅目标本室（SCAU）和山东省林业科学研究院林业有害生物标本室。     

When did the ancestor of true bugs become stinky? Disentangling the phylogenomics of Hemiptera–Heteroptera

The phylogeny of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), one of the most diverse insect groups in terms of morphology and ecology, has been the focus of attention for decades with respect to several deep nodes between the suborders of Hemiptera and the infraorders of Heteroptera. Here, we assembled a phylogenomic data set of 53 taxa and 3102 orthologous genes to investigate the phylogeny of Hemiptera–Heteroptera, and both concatenation and coalescent methods were used. A binode-control approach for data filtering was introduced to reduce the incongruence between different genes, which can improve the performance of phylogenetic reconstruction. Both hypotheses (Coleorrhyncha + Heteroptera) and (Coleorrhyncha + Auchenorrhyncha) received support from various analyses, in which the former is more consistent with the morphological evidence. Based on a divergence time estimation performed on genes with a strong phylogenetic signal, the origin of true bugs was dated to 290–268 Ma in the Permian, the time in Earth's history with the highest concentration of atmospheric oxygen. During this time interval, at least 1007 apomorphic amino acids were retained in the common ancestor of the extant true bugs. These molecular apomorphies are located in 553 orthologous genes, which suggests the common ancestor of the extant true bugs may have experienced large-scale evolution at the genome level.     

3种芽孢杆菌菌剂对望天树苗木生长和光合特性的影响

为加快望天树(Parashorea chinensis)幼苗的生长,采用随机区组试验设计,1.5 a生望天树实生苗分别接种胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmucilaginosus)、侧孢芽孢杆菌(B.laterosporus)和巨大芽孢杆菌(B.megaterium)菌剂。结果表明,3种芽孢杆菌菌剂处理对苗木的生长、光合指标均有提高,其中苗高、地径增量分别较对照提高了30.2%～57.2%和5.3%～49.7%,根系活力提高了74.5%～227.4%,净光合速率提高了15.3%～227.6%。6.0×109cfu/g的巨大芽孢杆菌处理的苗高、地径、生物量、根表面积、根平均直径、叶面积、叶绿素含量及净光合速率、实际光合效率、光化学淬灭系数均表现最好,与苗木质量指数和隶属函数法分析结果一致。因此,6.0×109 cfu/g巨大芽孢杆菌对望天树苗木生长发育的促进作用最大。     

The influence of gene flow on latitudinal clines of photoperiodic adult diapause in the Drosophila auraria species-complex

Temperate species belonging to the Drosophila auraria species complex, D. auraria Peng, D. biauraria Bock & Wheeler, D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler and D. subauraria Kimura, enter reproductive diapause to pass the winter in response to short daylengths. These species from Japan showed latitudinal clines in critical daylength which is longer in populations from higher latitudes. The slopes of these clines coincided well with that of the cline which is approximately predicted from climatic data, suggesting that these clines result from adaptation of the species to the latitudinal gradient of climatic conditions. Between the mainlands and the surrounding islands of Japan, the slopes of clines did not differ significantly, but the deviation from the regression line was usually smaller in mainland populations. It is assumed that gene flow reduces the genetic variation among mainland populations and results in the development of smooth clines. In the plain of east China, D. triauraria did not show clinal variation in critical daylength, although the development of the cline is expected from climatic data. Extensive gene flow among Chinese populations is considered to prevent the development of a cline.