Action of pilocarpine on the normal frog heart and in pathology

Experiments on frogs were performed to examine the effect of the M-cholinomimetic pilocarpine on the heart. It was discovered that at concentrations of 10(-15)--10(-5) g/ml pilocarpine exerted only an adverse chronotropic effect on the perfused heart. When applied at a concentration of 10(-4) g/ml the drug produced a negative as well as a positive chronotropic effect. The latter occurred spasmodically (without progressive rise in the heart rate) in association with a slow heart rate. In some experiments such effects were preceded by a certain deceleration of the heart. In experiments with positive chronotropic effects, arrhythmias and sinoatrial dissociation were observed sometimes. Experiments with recording of the electrograms of the sinuses and lower parts showed that such effects were caused not by pacemaker acceleration but by the removal of the blockade of conduction, between the pacemaker and the atria. As far as the pacemaker is concerned, pilocarpine exerted only a negative chronotropic effect.     

Purification and characterization of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, a nickel, zinc, iron-sulfur protein, from Rhodospirillum rubrum

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CO dehydrogenase) from Rhodospirillum rubrum was shown to be an oxygen-sensitive, nickel, iron-sulfur, and zinc-containing protein that was induced by carbon monoxide (CO). The enzyme was purified 212-fold by heat treatment, ion-exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The purified protein, active as a monomer of Mr = 61,800, existed in two forms that were comprised of identical polypeptides and differed in metal content. Form 1 comprised 90% of the final activity, had a specific activity of 1,079 mumol CO oxidized per min-1 mg-1, and contained 7 iron, 6 sulfur, 0.6 nickel, and 0.4 zinc/monomer. Form 2 had a lower specific activity (694 mumol CO min-1 mg-1) and contained 9 iron, 8 sulfur, 1.4 nickel, and 0.8 zinc/monomer. Reduction of either form by CO or dithionite resulted in identical, rhombic ESR spectra with g-values of 2.042, 1.939, and 1.888. Form 2 exhibited a 2-fold higher integrated spin concentration, supporting the conclusion that it contained an additional reducible metal center(s). Cells grown in the presence of 63NiCl2 incorporated 63Ni into CO dehydrogenase. Although nickel was clearly present in the protein, it was not ESR-active under any conditions tested. R. rubrum CO dehydrogenase was antigenically distinct from the CO dehydrogenases from Methanosarcina barkeri and Clostridium thermoaceticum.     

Characterization of staphylococci

A total of 158 Staphylococcus strains from various sources were characterized by biochemical, physiological, and morphological tests. Numerical taxonomy was applied by using these features. Taxonomic analysis was done with programs run under the MVS-TSO system of the IBM 370 complex and PDP-10 system of the National Institutes of Health. DNA-DNA hybridization with nitrocellulose filters was done to compare selected atypical cultures with American Type Culture Collection reference strains. We found that the use of the nomenclature of Bergey's Manual (8th edition) to identify these strains by species was not adequate. DNA homology values supported the formation of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus separate from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The three tests that best separated these strains into four species were (i) tube coagulase (6-h or 24-h porcine plasma or 24-h Difco rabbit plasma), (ii) production of acetoin or acid aerobically from ribose, maltose, or trehalose, and (iii) growth in the presence of novobiocin. Four strains of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus (VII76, VII113, VII131, and VA519) gave typical enterotoxigenic responses in monkey-feeding tests but were negative for enterotoxins A through E, suggesting the presence of one or more new enterotoxins. Two coagulase-negative, heat-stable DNase-positive strains (D143 and ARM) could not be classified by either DNA-DNA hybridization or numerical taxonomy, and D143 was enterotoxigenic as measured by the monkey-feeding bioassay. DNA homology showed that strain FRI-698M was more closely related to S. epidermidis than to S. aureus, yet it produced enterotoxin D. These data suggest the occurrence of coagulase-negative enterotoxigenic strains that are not S. aureus; nonetheless, a positive tube coagulase test and heat-stable DNase test should together be useful for routine screening of most potentially enterotoxigenic staphylococci in foods.     

Complementarity of regulation for the two glutamine synthetases from Bacillus caldolyticus, an extreme thermophile

Chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata cells grown semiaerobically in the dark oxidize NADH, succinate, and dichlorophenolindophenol. In the presence of N₃^? these activities are inhibited, but light induces oxidation of dichlorophenolindophenol with O₂ as a terminal electron acceptor. Cyanide also inhibits electron transport but much higher concentrations are required to inhibit the photooxidation than the dark oxidation. The photooxidation was studied in a mutant strain of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (YIV) which cannot grow anaerobically in the light, but similarly to the wild type, grows in the presence of oxygen. Chromatophores from YIV mutant catalyze photophosphorylation and dark oxidation activities with the same properties as those of the wild type. However, the rate of photooxidation in the mutant is only one-third that of the wild type. Based on the differential inhibitor sensitivity and on the mutation it is suggested that the photooxidase is different from the two respiratory oxidases and that this photooxidation activity might be essential for growth of the cells under anaerobic conditions in the light.     

Location of the isoleucine arrest point in CHO and 3T3 cells

An isoleucine arrest point in G1 was determined by two methods for CHO and 3T3 cells. In the first method the fraction of cells entering S after isoleucine deprivation was assessed by [³H]thymidine labelling and autoradiography. In the second method cells entering S after isoleucine deprivation were identified by double-label autoradiography using [³H] and [¹⁴C]thymidine. From the fraction of cells entering S, determined by the two methods, the arrest point in G1 (and entry into G0) is located within the last 40 min of G1.