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Vidhan Jain Henry B Armah Jon E Tongren Renée M Ned Nana O Wilson Sara Crawford Pradeep K Joel Mrigendra P Singh Avinash C Nagpal AP Dash Venkatachalam Udhayakumar Neeru Singh Jonathan K Stiles 《Malaria journal》2008,7(1):1-15
Background
Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. Malaria transmission in the Mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. Consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance.Methods
A network for the monitoring of insecticide resistance, MALVECASIA, was set up in the Mekong region in order to assess the insecticide resistance status of the major malaria vectors in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. From 2003 till 2005, bioassays were performed on adult mosquitoes using the standard WHO susceptibility test with diagnostic concentrations of permethrin 0.75% and DDT 4%. Additional tests were done with pyrethroid insecticides applied by the different national malaria control programmes.Results
Anopheles dirus s.s., the main vector in forested malaria foci, was susceptible to permethrin. However, in central Vietnam, it showed possible resistance to type II pyrethroids. In the Mekong delta, Anopheles epiroticus was highly resistant to all pyrethroid insecticides tested. It was susceptible to DDT, except near Ho Chi Minh City where it showed possible DDT resistance. In Vietnam, pyrethroid susceptible and tolerant Anopheles minimus s.l. populations were found, whereas An. minimus s.l. from Cambodia, Laos and Thailand were susceptible. Only two An. minimus s.l. populations showed DDT tolerance. Anopheles vagus was found resistant to DDT and to several pyrethroids in Vietnam and Cambodia.Conclusion
This is the first large scale, cross-country survey of insecticide resistance in Anopheles species in the Mekong Region. A unique baseline data on insecticide resistance for the Mekong region is now available, which enables the follow-up of trends in susceptibility status in the region and which will serve as the basis for further resistance management. Large differences in insecticide resistance status were observed among species and countries. In Vietnam, insecticide resistance was mainly observed in low or transmission-free areas, hence an immediate change of malaria vector control strategy is not required. Though, resistance management is important because the risk of migration of mosquitoes carrying resistance genes from non-endemic to endemic areas. Moreover, trends in resistance status should be carefully monitored and the impact of existing vector control tools on resistant populations should be assessed. 相似文献124.
M Lundervold EJ Milner-Gulland CJ O'Callaghan C Hamblin A Corteyn AP Macmillan 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2004,45(4):211-224
The results of a serological survey of livestock in Kazakhstan, carried out in 1997–1998, are reported. Serum samples from
958 animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were tested for antibodies to foot and mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), epizootic
haemorrhagic disease (EHD), rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses, and to Brucella spp. We also investigated the vaccination status of livestock and related this to changes in veterinary provision since independence
in 1991. For the 2 diseases under official surveillance (FMD and brucellosis) our results were similar to official data, although
we found significantly higher brucellosis levels in 2 districts and widespread ignorance about FMD vaccination status. The
seroprevalence for BT virus was 23%, and seropositive animals were widespread suggesting endemicity, despite the disease not
having being previously reported. We found a few seropositives for EHDV and PPRV, which may suggest that these diseases are
also present in Kazakhstan. An hierarchical model showed that seroprevalence to FMD and BT viruses were clustered at the farm/village
level, rather than at a larger spatial scale. This was unexpected for FMD, which is subject to vaccination policies which
vary at the raion (county) level. 相似文献
125.
N N Iwakoshi T G Markees N Turgeon T Thornley A Cuthbert J Leif N E Phillips J P Mordes D L Greiner A A Rossini 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2001,167(11):6623-6630
Treatment of mice with a single donor-specific transfusion plus a brief course of anti-CD154 mAb uniformly induces donor-specific transplantation tolerance characterized by the deletion of alloreactive CD8+ T cells. Survival of islet allografts in treated mice is permanent, but skin grafts eventually fail unless recipients are thymectomized. To analyze the mechanisms underlying tolerance induction, maintenance, and failure in euthymic mice we created a new analytical system based on allo-TCR-transgenic hemopoietic chimeric graft recipients. Chimeras were CBA (H-2(k)) mice engrafted with small numbers of syngeneic TCR-transgenic KB5 bone marrow cells. These mice subsequently circulated a self-renewing trace population of anti-H-2(b)-alloreactive CD8+ T cells maturing in a normal microenvironment. With this system, we studied the maintenance of H-2(b) allografts in tolerized mice. We documented that alloreactive CD8+ T cells deleted during tolerance induction slowly returned toward pretreatment levels. Skin allograft rejection in this system occurred in the context of 1) increasing numbers of alloreactive CD8+ cells; 2) a decline in anti-CD154 mAb concentration to levels too low to inhibit costimulatory functions; and 3) activation of the alloreactive CD8+ T cells during graft rejection following deliberate depletion of regulatory CD4+ T cells. Rejection of healed-in allografts in tolerized mice appears to be a dynamic process dependent on the level of residual costimulation blockade, CD4+ regulatory cells, and activated alloreactive CD8+ thymic emigrants that have repopulated the periphery after tolerization. 相似文献
126.
Cuthbert A. W.; Hickman M. E.; Thorn P.; MacVinish L. J. 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》1999,277(1):C111
1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolone (EBIO) caused a sustained increase inelectrogenic Cl secretionin isolated mouse colon mucosae, an effect reduced by blockingbasolateral K+ channels. TheCa2+-sensitiveK+ channel blocker charybdotoxin(ChTX) and the cAMP-sensitive K+channel blocker 293B were more effective when the other had been addedfirst, suggesting that both types ofK+ channel were activated. EBIOdid not cause Cl secretionin cystic fibrosis (CF) colonic epithelia. In apically permeabilizedcolonic mucosae, EBIO increased theK+ current when a concentrationgradient was imposed, an effect that was completely sensitive toChTX. No current sensitive to trans-6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane (293B) was found in this condition. However, the presence ofbasolateral cAMP-sensitive K+channels was demonstrated by the development of a 293B-sensitive K+ current after cAMP applicationin permeabilized mucosae. In isolated colonic crypts EBIO increasedcAMP content but had no effect on intracellularCa2+. It is concludedthat EBIO stimulates Clsecretion by activatingCa2+-sensitive and cAMP-sensitiveK+ channels, therebyhyperpolarizing the apical membrane, which increases the electricalgradient for Cl effluxthrough the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is alsoactivated by the accumulation of cAMP as well as by direct activation. 相似文献
127.
128.
Kourantidou Melina Haubrock Phillip J. Cuthbert Ross N. Bodey Thomas W. Lenzner Bernd Gozlan Rodolphe E. Nuez Martin A. Salles Jean-Michel Diagne Christophe Courchamp Franck 《Biological invasions》2022,24(7):1905-1926
Biological Invasions - In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, biological invasions also have profound impacts on economies and human wellbeing. However, the... 相似文献
129.
Moodley Desika Angulo Elena Cuthbert Ross N. Leung Brian Turbelin Anna Novoa Ana Kourantidou Melina Heringer Gustavo Haubrock Phillip J. Renault David Robuchon Marine Fantle-Lepczyk Jean Courchamp Franck Diagne Christophe 《Biological invasions》2022,24(7):1995-2016
Biological Invasions - Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity within protected areas (PAs) worldwide. Meanwhile, the resilience of PAs to invasions remains largely... 相似文献
130.
Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The house mouse, Mus musculus, is one of the most widespread and well-studied invasive mammals on islands. It was thought to pose little risk to seabirds, but video evidence from Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean shows house mice killing chicks of two IUCN-listed seabird species. Mouse-induced mortality in 2004 was a significant cause of extremely poor breeding success for Tristan albatrosses, Diomedea dabbenena (0.27 fledglings/pair), and Atlantic petrels, Pterodroma incerta (0.33). Population models show that these levels of predation are sufficient to cause population decreases. Unlike many other islands, mice are the only introduced mammals on Gough Island. However, restoration programmes to eradicate rats and other introduced mammals from islands are increasing the number of islands where mice are the sole alien mammals. If these mouse populations are released from the ecological effects of predators and competitors, they too may become predatory on seabird chicks. 相似文献