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81.
Molecular divergence and phylogeny: rates and patterns of cytochrome b evolution in cranes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Analyses of complete cytochrome b sequences from all species of cranes
(Aves: Gruidae) reveal aspects of sequence evolution in the early stages of
divergence. These DNA sequences are > or = 89% identical, but expected
departures from random substitution are evident. Silent, third- position
pyrimidine transitions are the dominant substitution type, with
transversion comprising only a small fraction of sequence differences.
Substitution patterns are not clearly manifested until divergence has
reached a moderate level (> 3%), as expected for a stochastic process.
Variation in the frequency of mismatch types among lineages decreases at
larger divergences, but the level of bias does not decay. Divergence varies
up to fivefold among gene regions but is not correlated with structural
domain. All protein structural domains except extramembrane 4 display <
20% variable residues. Regions corresponding to putative functional domains
show the excepted conservation of amino acids, although the C-terminal
portion of the Q0 reaction center displays several nonconservative
replacements. Phylogenetic analyses incorporating substitution asymmetries
produced mixed results. Distances estimated with multiple parameters
(transition, codon-position, composition, and pyrimidine-transition biases)
yielded identical additive tree topologies with comparable bootstrap
values, all consistent with uncontroversial species relationships. Maximum
likelihood analysis incorporating these biases, as well as equally weighted
parsimony analysis, produced similar results. Static, differential
weighting for parsimony did not improve the phylogenetic signal but
produced unusual trees with low bootstraps. The overall rate of nucleotide
substitution varies slightly but significantly among cranes, and
calibration of distances against fossil dates suggests divergence rates of
0.7%-1.7% per million years.
相似文献
82.
W. N. Holmes S. C. Al-Ghawas James Cronshaw K. E. Rohde 《Cell and tissue research》1991,263(3):557-566
Summary The adrenal steroidogenic tissue of the neonatal mallard duckling is differentiated into an outer subcapsular zone where the cells contain many large lipid droplets, and an inner zone in which the cells appear to contain less lipid. The cells in both zones contain numerous mitochondria and an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and their interdigitating plasma membranes possess many filipodia, coated pits and desmosome-like junctions. Islands of chromaffin cells are distributed throughout the steroidogenic tissue. Two types of chromaffin cell are present, one with vesicles containing densely staining material and the other more lightly staining material. Non-myelinated preganglionic fibers synapse with the chromaffin cells and the axonal terminals contain two types of dense-cored vesicles as well as acetylcholine-containing vesicles. The basal rates of corticosterone (B) and aldosterone (Aldo) release from tissue superfused with buffer containing no secretogogue were low and almost equal (B: Aldo=1.25); the corresponding rate of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) release was less than one-fortieth of the rates of B and Aldo release. The addition of 1–24 ACTH to the medium caused the rate of release of each hormone to increase as a semi-logarithmic function of the concentration and the induced increase in B release was always significantly higher than that of Aldo (B: Aldo=4.8). The corticotropin-induced rates of B and Aldo, but not DOC, release reflected do novo hormone synthesis. Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine each suppressed the basal rates of B and Aldo release, but had no effect when the medium contained 1–24 ACTH. Acetylcholine (ACh) similarly suppressed the basal rates of hormone release, and neither suppressed nor enhanced the responses to medium containing 1–24 ACTH. The suppressive effects of the catecholamines and ACh were not dose-related. [Asp1, Val5] angiotensin II induced significant semi-logarithmic dose-dependent increases in Aldo synthesis but had no effect on the release of either B or DOC.This work was supported by grants to J. Cronshaw and W.N. Holmes from the University of California Committee on Research and the National Science Foundation (DIR-8820923), Washington, D.C., USA 相似文献
83.
Evolutionary relatedness of some primate models of Plasmodium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Primate--and, specifically, monkey--malaria infections are commonly used
for understanding the pathology of and immune response to the human disease
because they are thought to resemble most closely the host-parasite
relationship found in humans. Plasmodium cynomolgi is used extensively as a
model for the human parasite, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi is used primarily
as a model for the development of erythrocytic-stage vaccines. Both of
these simian parasites can naturally infect man, resulting in mildly
symptomatic episodes of the disease. The phylogenetic relationship between
these two simian parasites and previously characterized Plasmodium species,
including P. vivax, was examined by comparison of the asexually expressed
small- subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Our analysis confirmed that P. vivax is
most closely related to P. cynomolgi and that it remains an appropriate
model of the human pathogen. Furthermore, with P. knowlesi and P. fragile,
these two species form a group of closely related species, distant from
other Plasmodium species. What is considered to be the most ancient of the
human malaria pathogens, P. malariae, was also included in the analysis and
does not group at all with other simian or human parasites.
相似文献
84.
Lathe WC rd; Burke WD; Eickbush DG; Eickbush TH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1995,12(6):1094-1105
R1 is a non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposable element that
inserts into a specific sequence of insect 28S ribosomal RNA genes. We have
previously shown that this element has been maintained through vertical
transmission in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. To address
whether R1 elements have been vertically transmitted for longer periods of
evolutionary time, the analysis has been extended to 11 other species from
four species groups of the genus Drosophila (melanogaster, obscura,
testecea, and repleta). All sequenced elements appeared functional on the
basis of the preservation of their open-reading frames and consistently
higher rate of substitution at synonymous sites relative to replacement
sites. The phylogenetic relationships of the R1 elements from all species
analyzed were congruent with the species phylogenies, suggesting that the
R1 elements have been vertically transmitted since the inception of the
Drosophila genus, an estimated 50-70 Mya. The stable maintenance of R1
through the germ line appears to be the major mechanism for the widespread
distribution of these elements in Drosophila. In two species, D.
neotestecea of the testecea group and D. takahashii of the melanogaster
group, a second family of R1 elements was also present that differed in
sequence by 46% and 31%, respectively, from the family that was congruent
with the species phylogeny. These second families may represent occasional
horizontal transfers or, alternatively, they could reflect the ability of
R1 elements to diverge into new families within a species and evolve
independently.
相似文献
85.
Reta-Sánchez DG JS Serrato-Corona HM Quiroga-Garza A Gaytán-Mascorro JA Cueto-Wong 《Phyton》2015,84(2):262-271
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) forage potential can be enhanced through its regrowth capacity and higher production in narrow rows. A field experiment was conducted in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico, during 2 growing seasons (2004 and 2005) to study the effects of plant height and row spacing on kenaf forage potential with multiple harvests. This study evaluated the effects of (1) 2 plant heights at cutting (1.0-1.2 m and 1.8-2.0 m) and (2) 4 inter row spacings (0.19, 0.38, 0.57 and 0.76 m) using a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields, DM partitioning, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and CP concentrations were determined. Heights at cutting × row spacing interactions were not significant for the monitored variables (p>0.05). Kenaf response to treatments was only relevant for main effects (p≤0.05). Row spacing and plant height affected DM and CP yields (p≤0.05), whereas only plant height affected chemical composition and DM partitioning (p≤0.05). Dry matter (17.0%-26.0%), and CP (12.4%-15.6%) yields were higher (p≤0.05) when plant heights had reached 1.8 to 2.0 m. Row spacing reduction from 0.76 m to 0.38 and 0.19 m increased DM yield (20.4-33.4%) and CP yield (24.2-38.5%) (p≤0.05). Kenaf forage potential increases when planted in narrow rows and harvested 2 or 3 times during the growing season. 相似文献
86.
Dubois T Howell S Zemlickova E Learmonth M Cronshaw A Aitken A 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2003,302(2):186-192
CPI-17 is a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor that has been shown to act on the myosin light chain phosphatase. CPI-17 is phosphorylated on Thr-38 in vivo, thus enhancing its ability to inhibit PP1. Thr-38 has been shown to be the target of several protein kinases in vitro. Originally, the expression of CPI-17 was proposed to be smooth muscle specific. However, it has recently been found in platelets and we show in this report that it is endogenously phosphorylated in brain on Ser-128 in a domain unique to CPI-17. Ser-128 is within a consensus phosphorylation site for protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium calmodulin kinase II. However, these two kinases do not phosphorylate Ser-128 in vitro but phosphorylate Ser-130 and Thr-38, respectively. The kinase responsible for Ser-128 phosphorylation remains to be identified. CPI-17 has strong sequence similarity with PHI-1 (which is also a phosphatase inhibitor) and LimK-2 kinase. The novel in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation sites (serines 128 and 130) are in a region/domain unique to CPI-17, suggesting a specific interaction domain that is regulated by phosphorylation. 相似文献
87.
Proteomic analysis of the mammalian nuclear pore complex 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
Cronshaw JM Krutchinsky AN Zhang W Chait BT Matunis MJ 《The Journal of cell biology》2002,158(5):915-927
As the sole site of nucleocytoplasmic transport, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) has a vital cellular role. Nonetheless, much remains to be learned about many fundamental aspects of NPC function. To further understand the structure and function of the mammalian NPC, we have completed a proteomic analysis to identify and classify all of its protein components. We used mass spectrometry to identify all proteins present in a biochemically purified NPC fraction. Based on previous characterization, sequence homology, and subcellular localization, 29 of these proteins were classified as nucleoporins, and a further 18 were classified as NPC-associated proteins. Among the 29 nucleoporins were six previously undiscovered nucleoporins and a novel family of WD repeat nucleoporins. One of these WD repeat nucleoporins is ALADIN, the gene mutated in triple-A (or Allgrove) syndrome. Our analysis defines the proteome of the mammalian NPC for the first time and paves the way for a more detailed characterization of NPC structure and function. 相似文献
88.
Wenling Li Hiroshi Kohara Yutaka Uchida Jennifer M. James Kosha Soneji Darran G. Cronshaw Yong-Rui Zou Takashi Nagasawa Yoh-suke Mukouyama 《Developmental cell》2013,24(4):359-371
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89.
90.
Anna Bylander Magdalena Nutu Rikard Wellander Mattias Goksör Håkan Billig DG Joakim Larsson 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2010,8(1):48