Le binge drinking chez les jeunes

Binge drinking refers to an alcohol intake of at least 5 drinks on a single occasion and in a limited period of time (less than two hours). Most of the time, binge drinking occurs during weekend evenings. The only goal of the binge drinker is to get drunk, whatever quantity of alcohol is needed. This behavior usually begins around 12–13 years of age, and dramatically increases after high school, in the context of parties. The 18–25 age range represents almost half of binge drinking prevalence. Maintenance of this behavior after 25 could be a predictive factor of future alcohol dependence; about 50% of binge drinkers become dependent. Health care professionals have an important role to play, not only during routine visits, but particularly after an accident or suicide attempt. Adolescents should be routinely asked about their alcohol drinking behavior, in order to give them the opportunity to talk freely about their problems. Once problems are recognized, they should be referred to the appropriate forums. Parents should be involved in the therapeutic process whenever possible. Recent public awareness of the binge drinking problem has led to government action, together with prevention activities oriented towards the youth.     

Comparison of two plant functional approaches to evaluate natural restoration along an old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence

Question: Are direct and indirect trait‐based approaches similar in their usefulness to synthesize species responses to successional stages? Location: Northern hardwood forests, Québec, Canada (45°01′–45°08′N; 73°58′–74°21′W). Methods: Two different trait‐based approaches were used to relate plant functional traits to succession on an old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence: (i) a frequently used approach based on co‐occurrence of traits (emergent groups), and (ii) a new version of a direct functional approach at the trait level (the fourth‐corner method). Additionally, we selected two different cut‐off levels for the herb subset of the emergent group classification in order to test its robustness and ecological relevance. Results: Clear patterns of trait associations with stand developmental stages emerged from both the emergent group and the direct approach at the trait level. However, the emergent group classification was found to hide some trait‐level differences such as a shift in seed size, light requirement and plant form along the chronosequence. Contrasting results were obtained for the seven or nine group classification of the herbaceous subset, illustrating how critical is the number of groups for emergent group classification. Conclusion: The simultaneous use of two different trait‐based approaches provided a robust and comprehensive characterization of vegetation responses in the old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence. It also underlines the different goals as well as the limitations and benefits of these two approaches. Both approaches indicated that abandoned pastures of the northern hardwood biome have good potential for natural recovery. Conversion of these lands to other functions may lead to irremediable loss of biodiversity.     

Genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster susceptibility to intestinal Vibrio cholerae infection

We previously demonstrated that Vibrio cholerae is able to colonize the intestine of the fly to produce a lethal infection. Here we present the results of a genetic screen undertaken to identify factors that alter susceptibility of the fly to intestinal V. cholerae infection. In this model of infection, the Eiger/Wengen signalling pathway protects the fly against infection. Furthermore, mutations within the IMD signalling pathway increase resistance to intestinal V. cholerae infection and increase programmed cell death within the intestinal epithelium during infection. We propose that programmed cell death protects the intestinal epithelium against V. cholerae infection and therefore that the fly may serve as a useful model in which to study modulation of intestinal epithelial cell survival by commensal and pathogenic intestinal bacteria as well as the pathological processes leading to erosion of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal malignancy.     

Isolation of monoclonal antibodies recognizing rat bone-associated molecules in vitro and in vivo.

Knowledge of the number and kinds of differentiation steps that characterize cells of the osteoblast lineage is inadequate. To further analyze osteoblast differentiation, we generated a series of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to osteogenic cells. Spleen cells from mice immunized with whole-cell populations enriched for expression of osteoblast-associated properties or bone formation in vitro were fused with the SP2/0 myeloma cell line. Supernatants from growing hybridomas were screened by indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of a portion of 21-day fetal rat heads that included the calvaria bone, periosteum, muscle, fibrous connective tissue, and skin. Six MAb were selected with bone-associated staining and limited ability to label other tissues. Either cell surface or cytoplasmic molecules were recognized by five of the MAb; one recognized a molecule detectable both in the cytoplasm, on the cell surface, and in the extracellular matrix. Of the antibodies selected, one identified both preosteoblasts and osteoblasts and has been found to be against alkaline phosphatase. The others recognized the mature osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytic cells. The pattern and distribution of the labeling in vivo extended to primary cells and cell lines in vivo. These results support earlier observations on molecules differentially expressed by cells at different stages of the osteoblast lineage and extend the available cell surface and cytoplasmic epitopes identifiable as marker molecules.     

Positive and negative immunoselection for enrichment of two classes of osteoprogenitor cells.

The number of identifiable stages and expression of differentiation markers in cells of the osteoblast lineage are not well understood. In the present study, a mAb, designated rat bone marrow (RBM) 211.13, was prepared that stained selectively the osteogenic and preosteoblastic cells along the surfaces of bone in calvariae, femurs, and metatarsals. The staining was cell surface associated and coincided with that for alkaline phosphatase (APase) detected histochemically. Only cells positive for APase activity by biochemical assay and not those without APase activity (e.g., fetal rat skin) stained with RBM 211.13. By immunoblotting, RBM 211.13 recognized a band coinciding with APase activity on nonreducing/nondenaturing gels, and RBM 211.13 precipitated a protein which on reduced gels migrated with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 80 kD. RBM 211.13 labeling was abolished by phosphatidylinosital-specific phospholipase C, known to release APase from the cell surface. All of these data support the concept that RBM 211.13 recognizes the bone isoenzyme of APase. RBM 211.13 was used to sort by flow cytometry the APase-positive and APase-negative cells from mixed fetal rat calvaria (RC) cell populations. The osteoprogenitors we identified earlier that form bone nodules in vitro (Bellows, C. G., J. E. Aubin, J. N. M. Heersche, and M. E. Antosz. 1986. Calcif. Tissue Int. 36:143-154; Bellows, C. J., J. N. M. Heersche, and J. E. Aubin. 1990. Dev. Biol. 140:132-138) were found within the APase-positive pool. By immunopanning, RC cells were separated into APase-enriched (APase-positive, adherent) and APase-depleted (APase-negative, nonadherent) populations. The APase-positive fraction was enriched two-to-threefold for bone-forming osteoprogenitors compared to unfractionated cells, while the APase-negative population formed very few nodules under the same conditions. Both populations responded to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) with an increase in bone nodule formation. However, the fold stimulation in bone formation in the APase-negative population was approximately 30-fold, while the fold stimulation in the APase-positive population was only approximately 5-fold. These data suggest that APase expression can be used for immunoselection to fractionate osteoblastic populations into an APase-positive population and a population initially APase-negative, that virtually all osteoprogenitors forming bone in vitro in the absence of added glucocorticoids reside in the APase-positive pool, and that the only osteoprogenitors present in the APase-negative pool are those requiring DEX to differentiate.