Flow field and mass transport analysis in arteries with longitudinal ridges.

Recent observations have indicated that the earliest lesions of atherosclerosis frequently take the form of longitudinal and helical ridges in arteries of man. Since longitudinal vortices are expected to be present in the troughs between the longitudinal ridges, an analysis was carried out to investigate the three-dimensional flow field and the trasport of lipoproteins and oxygen molecules to arterial walls in the presence of such vortices. The calculations revealed that local hypoxia and lipoprotein accumulation may occur at the ridges, leading to subsequent intimal thickening and ridge growth. Higher shear stresses, calculated in the troughs between ridges, may also partially damage the endothelium and lead to intimal thickening and subsequent merging of the ridges. Meaningful measurements are needed in vivo to determine the strength of the vortices, their time-varying behavior, and the actual transverse variations in shear stress, oxygen transport, and lipoprotein accumulation from trough to ridge regions, in order to appraise the present findings and to learn more about the observed progressive thickening and widening of ridges with increasing degrees of intimal thickening and atherosclerosis.     

Kinetic properties of Serratia marcescens adenosine 5''-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase.

The regulatory properties of partially purified adenosine 5'-diphosphate-(ADP) glucose pyrophosphorylase from two Serratia marcescens strains (ATCC 274 and ATCC 15365) have been studied. Slight or negligible activation by fructose-P2, pyridoxal-phosphate, or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was observed. These compounds were previously shown to be potent activators of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases from the enterics, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia aurescens, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli. Phosphoenolpyruvate stimulated the rate of ADPglucose synthesis catalyzed by Serratia ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase about 1.5- to 2-fold but did not affect the S0.5 values (concentration of substrate required for 50% maximal stimulation) of the substrates, alpha-glucose-1-phosphate, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), a potent inhibitor of the enteric ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, is an effective inhibitor of the S. marcescens enzyme. ADP also inhibits but is not as effective as AMP. Activators of the enteric enzyme counteract the inhibition caused by AMP. This is in contrast to what is observed for the S. marcescens enzyme. Neither phosphoenolpyruvate, fructose-diphosphate, pyridoxal-phosphate, NADPH, 3-phosphoglycerate, fructose-6-phosphate, nor pyruvate effect the inhibition caused by AMP. The properties of the S. marcescens HY strain and Serratia liquefaciens ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase were found to be similar to the above two S. marcescens enzymes with respect to activation and inhibition. These observations provide another example where the properties of an enzyme found in the genus Serratia have been found to be different from the properties of the same enzyme present in the enteric genera Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter.     

(+)-Isoshinanolone and 2-methylbenzofuran-4-carbaldehyde from the fish-stunning plant Habropetalum dawei

(+)-Isoshinanolone was isolated from an aqueous extract of the leaves of Habropetalum dawei. After isolation of (+)-isoshinanolone, the aqueous extract of the leaves was acidified, refluxed distilled to give a new benzofuran, 2-methylbenzofuran-4-carbaldehyde. (+)-Isoshinanolone was found to have fish-stunning activity.     

A radioimmunoassay using labeled antibody for polyhedron protein from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Wiseana cervinata

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for polyhedron protein based on precipitation of the antibody-antigen complex by sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, was studied. The effects of varying assay conditions and of using [³H]acetate- or ¹²⁵I-labeled antibodies were examined. The RIA could detect specific differences between the polyhedron protein from the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Bombyx mori and Wiseana cervinata at the level of 3 × 10⁴ polyhedral/ml when ¹²⁵I-labeled antibodies were used. This procedure could provide the basis for making serological comparisons of polyhedron proteins and for detecting viruses in samples such as soil and bird feces.     

Sulphuretin glycosides of Coreopsis mutica

The anthochlor complement of Coreopsis mutica has been determined. The compounds observed were all glycosidic derivatives of sulphuretin, being the mono- and di-glucosides and two new glucosidic derivatives acylated with caffeic acid.     

The Interplay between Chondrocyte Redifferentiation Pellet Size and Oxygen Concentration

Chondrocytes dedifferentiate during ex vivo expansion on 2-dimensional surfaces. Aggregation of the expanded cells into 3-dimensional pellets, in the presence of induction factors, facilitates their redifferentiation and restoration of the chondrogenic phenotype. Typically 1×10⁵–5×10⁵ chondrocytes are aggregated, resulting in “macro” pellets having diameters ranging from 1–2 mm. These macropellets are commonly used to study redifferentiation, and recently macropellets of autologous chondrocytes have been implanted directly into articular cartilage defects to facilitate their repair. However, diffusion of metabolites over the 1–2 mm pellet length-scales is inefficient, resulting in radial tissue heterogeneity. Herein we demonstrate that the aggregation of 2×10⁵ human chondrocytes into micropellets of 166 cells each, rather than into larger single macropellets, enhances chondrogenic redifferentiation. In this study, we describe the development of a cost effective fabrication strategy to manufacture a microwell surface for the large-scale production of micropellets. The thousands of micropellets were manufactured using the microwell platform, which is an array of 360×360 µm microwells cast into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), that has been surface modified with an electrostatic multilayer of hyaluronic acid and chitosan to enhance micropellet formation. Such surface modification was essential to prevent chondrocyte spreading on the PDMS. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) production and collagen II gene expression in chondrocyte micropellets increased significantly relative to macropellet controls, and redifferentiation was enhanced in both macro and micropellets with the provision of a hypoxic atmosphere (2% O₂). Once micropellet formation had been optimized, we demonstrated that micropellets could be assembled into larger cartilage tissues. Our results indicate that micropellet amalgamation efficiency is inversely related to the time cultured as discreet microtissues. In summary, we describe a micropellet production platform that represents an efficient tool for studying chondrocyte redifferentiation and demonstrate that the micropellets could be assembled into larger tissues, potentially useful in cartilage defect repair.