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91.
The net hydration of phage lambda 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The banding density of phage lambda varies with the activity of water when the phage particles are banded in a series of different cesium salts. The results are comparable to those Hearst and Vinograd for free DNA. Lambda phage ghosts show less net hydration than the phage particles and band in a fairly narrow range of densities in these cesium salts. The phage banding density may be predicted to a first approximation by a simple additive approximation: the total net hydration of the phage is approximately equal to the net hydrations of free λ DNA λ hosts, all measured at the same water activity. The simple additive approximation is not adequate, however, to explain the banding density differences between a deletion mutant and phage lambda in the different cesium salts. The density differences evidently are sensitive to second-order effects: they apparently are affected by a restriction of DNA hydration inside the phage head, which depends both on water activity and on DNA length (or free volume inside the phage head). This becomes a striking effect in Cs2SO4 solutions where the net DNA hydration is large. Changing the phage banding density by substituting 5-bromouracil for thymine, which increases the DNA mass while leaving the DNA volume relatively unchanged, gives results consistent with a restriction of the net DNA hydration that depends on the DNA volume. Data on the sedimentation velocity behavior that λ and λb2 in diferrent salts are presented and discussed. It appears possible to estimate the size of a DNA deletion from the phage sedimentation coefficient. 相似文献
92.
Contrasting changes in the abundance and diversity of North American bird assemblages from 1971 to 2010
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Aafke M. Schipper Jonathan Belmaker Murilo Dantas de Miranda Laetitia M. Navarro Katrin Böhning‐Gaese Mark J. Costello Maria Dornelas Ruud Foppen Joaquín Hortal Mark A. J. Huijbregts Berta Martín‐López Nathalie Pettorelli Cibele Queiroz Axel G. Rossberg Luca Santini Katja Schiffers Zoran J. N. Steinmann Piero Visconti Carlo Rondinini Henrique M. Pereira 《Global Change Biology》2016,22(12):3948-3959
Although it is generally recognized that global biodiversity is declining, few studies have examined long‐term changes in multiple biodiversity dimensions simultaneously. In this study, we quantified and compared temporal changes in the abundance, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of bird assemblages, using roadside monitoring data of the North American Breeding Bird Survey from 1971 to 2010. We calculated 12 abundance and diversity metrics based on 5‐year average abundances of 519 species for each of 768 monitoring routes. We did this for all bird species together as well as for four subgroups based on breeding habitat affinity (grassland, woodland, wetland, and shrubland breeders). The majority of the biodiversity metrics increased or remained constant over the study period, whereas the overall abundance of birds showed a pronounced decrease, primarily driven by declines of the most abundant species. These results highlight how stable or even increasing metrics of taxonomic, functional, or phylogenetic diversity may occur in parallel with substantial losses of individuals. We further found that patterns of change differed among the species subgroups, with both abundance and diversity increasing for woodland birds and decreasing for grassland breeders. The contrasting changes between abundance and diversity and among the breeding habitat groups underscore the relevance of a multifaceted approach to measuring biodiversity change. Our findings further stress the importance of monitoring the overall abundance of individuals in addition to metrics of taxonomic, functional, or phylogenetic diversity, thus confirming the importance of population abundance as an essential biodiversity variable. 相似文献
93.
Ribosome‐associated pentatricopeptide repeat proteins function as translational activators in mitochondria of trypanosomes
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Inna Aphasizheva Dmitri A. Maslov Yu Qian Lan Huang Qi Wang Catherine E. Costello Ruslan Aphasizhev 《Molecular microbiology》2016,99(6):1043-1058
Mitochondrial ribosomes of Trypanosoma brucei are composed of 9S and 12S rRNAs, eubacterial‐type ribosomal proteins, polypeptides lacking discernible motifs and approximately 20 pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) RNA binding proteins. Several PPRs also populate the polyadenylation complex; among these, KPAF1 and KPAF2 function as general mRNA 3′ adenylation/uridylation factors. The A/U‐tail enables mRNA binding to the small ribosomal subunit and is essential for translation. The presence of A/U‐tail also correlates with requirement for translation of certain mRNAs in mammalian and insect parasite stages. Here, we inquired whether additional PPRs activate translation of individual mRNAs. Proteomic analysis identified KRIPP1 and KRIPP8 as components of the small ribosomal subunit in mammalian and insect forms, but also revealed their association with the polyadenylation complex in the latter. RNAi knockdowns demonstrated essential functions of KRIPP1 and KRIPP8 in the actively respiring insect stage, but not in the mammalian stage. In the KRIPP1 knockdown, A/U‐tailed mRNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 declined concomitantly with the de novo synthesis of this subunit whereas polyadenylation and translation of cyb mRNA were unaffected. In contrast, the KRIPP8 knockdown inhibited A/U‐tailing and translation of both CO1 and cyb mRNAs. Our findings indicate that ribosome‐associated PPRs may selectively activate mRNAs for translation. 相似文献
94.
Connors LH Jiang Y Budnik M Théberge R Prokaeva T Bodi KL Seldin DC Costello CE Skinner M 《Biochemistry》2007,46(49):14259-14271
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) with a critically folded beta-conformation self-aggregates to form highly ordered, nonbranching amyloid fibrils. The insoluble nature of amyloid fibrils ultimately results in the extracellular deposition of the LC in tissues and organs throughout the body. Structural features that confer amyloidogenic properties on an Ig LC likely include amino acid sequence variations and post-translational modifications, but the specific natures of these changes remain to be defined. As part of an exploration of the effective range of amyloidogenic modifications, this study details the structural and genetic analyses of nine kappa1 LC proteins. Urinary LCs were purified by size exclusion chromatography using FPLC, and structural analyses were performed by electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry. RT-PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the monoclonal LC genes were accomplished using bone marrow-derived mRNA. Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Characterization of the urinary kappa1 LCs revealed extensive post-translational modification in all proteins, in addition to somatic mutations expected on the basis of results from genetic analyses. Post-translational modifications included disulfide-linked dimerization, S-cysteinylation, glycosylation, fragmentation, S-sulfonation, and 3-chlorotyrosine formation. Genetic analyses showed that several LC variable region germline gene donors were represented including O18/O8, O12/O2, L15, and L5. Clinical features included soft tissue, cardiac, renal, and hepatic involvement. This study demonstrated the extensive heterogeneity in primary structure, post-translational modifications, and germline gene usage that occurred in nine amyloidogenic kappa1 LC proteins. 相似文献
95.
Capture mechanisms used by the lobate ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, preying on the copepod Acartia tonsa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is an influentialplanktonic predator, the mechanisms enabling it to capture itscharacteristically wide range of prey have not been systematicallyexamined. We recorded interactions between free-swimming M.leidyiand two stages (nauplii, adults) of the calanoid copepod Acartiatonsa in order to determine a mechanistic explanation of thisfeeding process. Prey encounter with Mnemiopsis involved twodifferent processes. The first depended on fluid motions createdby the nearly continuous beating of cilia lining the four auricles.These cilia created a low-velocity flow in which A.tonsa naupliiwere entrained (94% of naupliar encounters) and transportedpast the oral lobes onto the tentillae (oral tentacles). Thenauplii, although capable of rapid escape responses, generallyappeared to be insensitive to the current in which they werecarried. The second process relied upon the collision of swimmingprey with the inner surfaces of the oral lobes and was not obviouslyinfluenced by the auricular feeding currents. Adult A.tonsawere rarely entrained in the auricular flow, but, instead, propelledthemselves into contact with the oral lobes (97% of adult encounters).Both prey capture processes functioned simultaneously. The synergisticfunctioning of these processes probably explains the broad patternsof prey ingestion found by in situ studies of Mnemiopsis feeding. 相似文献
96.
97.
Circulating Adiponectin Levels Differ Between Patients with Multiple Myeloma and its Precursor Disease
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98.
Schiano de Colella JM Barbarat B Sweet R Gastaut JA Olive D Costello RT 《European cytokine network》2008,19(2):81-88
Mature dendritic cells (DC) are efficient, antigen-presenting cells required for the stimulation of naive T lymphocytes. Many members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family are involved in DC maturation, such as Fas, CD40, OX40L, LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) or RANK (receptor activator of NFkappaB), with different, but often overlapping effects. We focused our attention on RANK DC stimulation, since RANK ligand (RL) is expressed on activated T lymphocytes with different kinetic and expression patterns from the other members of TNF family previously cited. After culture with RL-transfected cells, a significant percentage of immature DC generated from monocytes (Mo-DC) acquired a typical, mature DC morphology and phenotype characterised by up-regulation of CD83, DC-LAMP (lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein), HLA class I, CD86 and CD54. The functional RL-mediated maturation was demonstrated by a decrease in DC macropinocytosis and acquisition of the capacity to stimulate allogenic T-cells. Among the various cytokines tested, we detected only a weak up-regulation of IL-12p40. Our results show that ligation of RANK on DC cell surfaces is not only a survival stimulus, but also induces a partial and specific mature DC phenotype, the physiological significance of which is under investigation. 相似文献
99.
Eduardo N Taboada Joanne M MacKinnon Christian C Luebbert Victor PJ Gannon John HE Nash Kris Rahn 《BMC evolutionary biology》2008,8(1):229
Background
Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) has emerged as a leading molecular typing method owing to its high ability to discriminate among bacterial isolates, the relative ease with which data acquisition and analysis can be standardized, and the high portability of the resulting sequence data. While MLST has been successfully applied to the study of the population structure for a number of different bacterial species, it has also provided compelling evidence for high rates of recombination in some species. We have analyzed a set of Campylobacter jejuni strains using MLST and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) on a full-genome microarray in order to determine whether recombination and high levels of genomic mosaicism adversely affect the inference of strain relationships based on the analysis of a restricted number of genetic loci. 相似文献100.
Muiris T Kennedy Brendan D Higgins Joseph F Costello William A Curtin John G Laffey 《BMC pulmonary medicine》2008,8(1):1-7