Effect of somatostatin on beta-endorphin release in rat experimental chronic inflammation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin administration in arthritic rats. Inflammation was induced by daily interplantar injection of 100 microl of Freund's complete adjuvant into the left hind paw of the rat. Arthritis developed 20 days following the first injection and was stable in the inoculate paw. Arthritic rats were treated interplantarly with somatostatin (5 or 10 microg) or with indomethacin (100 microg) daily for 14 days. Inflammatory response was studied at 12 h, 7 and 14 days following drug administration. The effect of somatostatin was determined by local (into popliteal lymph nodes) and systemic production of beta-endorphin. Our results showed that somatostatin treatment significantly increased beta-endorphin levels in the blood and lymphocytes from popliteal lymph nodes. Greater efficiency was seen when 5 microg instead of 10 microg of somatostatin was used. A significant decrease of absolute leukocytosis was observed at the 14th day following somatostatin administration. Moreover, a significant reduction of plasmatic beta-globulins at 12 h and the 7th day and of plasmatic alpha2-globulins at the 14th day was observed after the beginning of somatostatin treatment.     

Birth outcomes following cesarean delivery on maternal request: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND:Data on the effect of cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) on maternal and neonatal outcomes are inconsistent and often limited by inadequate case definitions and other methodological issues. Our objective was to evaluate the trends, determinants and outcomes of CDMR using an intent-to-treat approach.METHODS:We designed a population-based retrospective cohort study using data on low-risk pregnancies in Ontario, Canada (April 2012–March 2018). We assessed temporal trends and determinants of CDMR. We estimated the relative risks for component and composite outcomes used in the Adverse Outcome Index (AOI) related to planned CDMR compared with planned vaginal delivery using generalized estimating equation models. We compared the Weighted Adverse Outcome Score (WAOS) and the Severity Index (SI) across planned modes of delivery using analysis of variance.RESULTS:Of 422 210 women, 0.4% (n = 1827) had a planned CDMR and 99.6% (n = 420 383) had a planned vaginal delivery. The prevalence of CDMR remained stable over time at 3.9% of all cesarean deliveries. Factors associated with CDMR included late maternal age, higher education, conception via in vitro fertilization, anxiety, nulliparity, being White, delivery at a hospital providing higher levels of maternal care and obstetrician-based antenatal care. Women who planned CDMR had a lower risk of adverse outcomes than women who planned vaginal delivery (adjusted relative risk 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33 to 0.53). The WAOS was lower for planned CDMR than planned vaginal delivery (mean difference −1.28, 95% CI −2.02 to −0.55). The SI was not statistically different between groups (mean difference 3.6, 95% CI −7.4 to 14.5).Interpretation:Rates of CDMR have not increased in Ontario. Planned CDMR is associated with a decreased risk of short-term adverse outcomes compared with planned vaginal delivery. Investigation into the long-term implications of CDMR is warranted.

Cesarean delivery is the most common inpatient surgical procedure in North America,^1,2 where rates often exceed World Health Organization recommendations (10%–15% of deliveries).³ Given the financial and resource implications of cesarean deliveries on health care systems, the contribution of cesarean deliveries on maternal request (CDMR) to rising cesarean section rates is of ongoing interest. Women may prefer CDMR for many reasons, including scheduling convenience, anxiety regarding labour pain, perceptions that the quality of obstetrical care is better for women who have cesarean deliveries, and concerns about possible urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction after vaginal delivery.^4–7 Challenges in characterizing the epidemiology of CDMR include the lack of internationally accepted case definitions and inconsistencies in documentation that hinder meaningful comparisons across jurisdictions.^8–11 In Canada, the prevalence of CDMR has been estimated at 2% of cesarean deliveries,¹² but robust contemporary data are lacking.The benefits of vaginal delivery are well known and include a lower risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn, newborn exposure to the vaginal microbiome, shorter maternal hospital stays and lower risk of complications associated with abdominal surgeries. The findings of 1 Canadian study suggest that midpelvic operative vaginal delivery is associated with a greater risk of severe birth and obstetric trauma than cesarean delivery.¹³ Evidence on the risks and benefits of CDMR is sparse, and existing data are inconsistent.^14–19 Analyses are frequently limited by inadequate case definitions and unaddressed confounding from baseline maternal and neonatal factors.^4,11 Professional organizations in the United States, Canada and Europe do not recommend CDMR over vaginal delivery.^11,20–22 Patient counselling is suggested to inform patients of pain management options, and of potential benefits and harms related to cesarean deliveries. However, obstetrical care providers often accede to patient preferences, given the ethical imperative of patient autonomy. ^23–27 Contemporary, high-quality observational studies leveraging robust population-based data are required. Our objective was to evaluate the trends, determinants and outcomes of CDMR compared with planned vaginal delivery using an intent-to-treat approach.