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111.
Frann Antignano Sarah C. Mullaly Kyle Burrows Colby Zaph 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2011,(51)
Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that
infect humans and livestock1. Infective eggs are given by oral gavage, hatch in the distal small intestine, invade the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
that line the crypts of the cecum and proximal colon and upon maturation the worms release eggs into the environment1. This model is a powerful tool to
examine factors that control CD4+ T helper (Th) cell activation as well as changes in the intestinal epithelium. The immune response that occurs in
resistant inbred strains, such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c, is characterized by Th2 polarized cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and expulsion of worms while Th1-associated
cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ) promote chronic infections in genetically susceptible AKR/J mice2-6. Th2 cytokines promote physiological changes in
the intestinal microenvironment including rapid turnover of IECs, goblet cell differentiation, recruitment and changes in epithelial permeability and smooth muscle
contraction, all of which have been implicated in worm expulsion7-15. Here we detail a protocol for propagating Trichuris muris eggs which can
be used in subsequent experiments. We also provide a sample experimental harvest with suggestions for post-infection analysis. Overall, this protocol will provide
researchers with the basic tools to perform a Trichuris muris mouse infection model which can be used to address questions pertaining to Th proclivity in
the gastrointestinal tract as well as immune effector functions of IECs. 相似文献
112.
MacInnes H Zhou Y Gouveia K Cromwell J Lowery K Layton RC Zubelewicz M Sampath R Hofstadler S Liu Y Cheng YS Koster F 《PloS one》2011,6(9):e24448
Influenza virus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet little quantitative understanding of transmission is available to guide evidence-based public health practice. Recent studies of influenza non-contact transmission between ferrets and guinea pigs have provided insights into the relative transmission efficiencies of pandemic and seasonal strains, but the infecting dose and subsequent contagion has not been quantified for most strains. In order to measure the aerosol infectious dose for 50% (aID50) of seronegative ferrets, seasonal influenza virus was nebulized into an exposure chamber with controlled airflow limiting inhalation to airborne particles less than 5 µm diameter. Airborne virus was collected by liquid impinger and Teflon filters during nebulization of varying doses of aerosolized virus. Since culturable virus was accurately captured on filters only up to 20 minutes, airborne viral RNA collected during 1-hour exposures was quantified by two assays, a high-throughput RT-PCR/mass spectrometry assay detecting 6 genome segments (Ibis T5000™ Biosensor system) and a standard real time RT-qPCR assay. Using the more sensitive T5000 assay, the aID50 for A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) was approximately 4 infectious virus particles under the exposure conditions used. Although seroconversion and sustained levels of viral RNA in upper airway secretions suggested established mucosal infection, viral cultures were almost always negative. Thus after inhalation, this seasonal H1N1 virus may replicate less efficiently than H3N2 virus after mucosal deposition and exhibit less contagion after aerosol exposure. 相似文献
113.
114.
Amelia M. Lindgren Tatiana Hoyos Michael E. Talkowski Carrie Hanscom Ian Blumenthal Colby Chiang Carl Ernst Shahrin Pereira Zehra Ordulu Carol Clericuzio Joanne M. Drautz Jill A. Rosenfeld Lisa G. Shaffer Lea Velsher Tania Pynn Joris Vermeesch David J. Harris James F. Gusella Eric C. Liao Cynthia C. Morton 《Human genetics》2013,132(5):537-552
We describe a female subject (DGAP100) with a 46,X,t(X;5)(p11.3;q35.3)inv(5)(q35.3q35.1)dn, severe psychomotor retardation with hypotonia, global postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, globally reduced cerebral volume, seizures, facial dysmorphia and cleft palate. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the X chromosome breakpoint disrupts KDM6A in the second intron. No genes were directly disrupted on chromosome 5. KDM6A is a histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase and a histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase. Expression of KDM6A is significantly reduced in DGAP100 lymphoblastoid cells compared to control samples. We identified nine additional cases with neurodevelopmental delay and various other features consistent with the DGAP100 phenotype with copy number variation encompassing KDM6A from microarray databases. We evaluated haploinsufficiency of kdm6a in a zebrafish model. kdm6a is expressed in the pharyngeal arches and ethmoid plate of the developing zebrafish, while a kdm6a morpholino knockdown exhibited craniofacial defects. We conclude KDM6A dosage regulation is associated with severe and diverse structural defects and developmental abnormalities. 相似文献
115.
Talkowski ME Ernst C Heilbut A Chiang C Hanscom C Lindgren A Kirby A Liu S Muddukrishna B Ohsumi TK Shen Y Borowsky M Daly MJ Morton CC Gusella JF 《American journal of human genetics》2011,(4):25-481
The contribution of balanced chromosomal rearrangements to complex disorders remains unclear because they are not detected routinely by genome-wide microarrays and clinical localization is imprecise. Failure to consider these events bypasses a potentially powerful complement to single nucleotide polymorphism and copy-number association approaches to complex disorders, where much of the heritability remains unexplained. To capitalize on this genetic resource, we have applied optimized sequencing and analysis strategies to test whether these potentially high-impact variants can be mapped at reasonable cost and throughput. By using a whole-genome multiplexing strategy, rearrangement breakpoints could be delineated at a fraction of the cost of standard sequencing. For rearrangements already mapped regionally by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization, a targeted approach enabled capture and sequencing of multiple breakpoints simultaneously. Importantly, this strategy permitted capture and unique alignment of up to 97% of repeat-masked sequences in the targeted regions. Genome-wide analyses estimate that only 3.7% of bases should be routinely omitted from genomic DNA capture experiments. Illustrating the power of these approaches, the rearrangement breakpoints were rapidly defined to base pair resolution and revealed unexpected sequence complexity, such as co-occurrence of inversion and translocation as an underlying feature of karyotypically balanced alterations. These findings have implications ranging from genome annotation to de novo assemblies and could enable sequencing screens for structural variations at a cost comparable to that of microarrays in standard clinical practice. 相似文献
116.
Joanna M. Biernacka Jennifer R. Geske Terry D. Schneekloth Mark A. Frye Julie M. Cunningham Doo-Sup Choi Courtney L. Tapp Bradley R. Lewis Maureen S. Drews Tracy L.Pietrzak Colin L. Colby Daniel K. Hall-Flavin Larissa L. Loukianova John A. Heit David A. Mrazek Victor M. Karpyak 《PloS one》2013,8(3)
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex traits. Although these studies frequently fail to identify statistically significant associations, the top association signals from GWAS may be enriched for true associations. We therefore investigated the association of alcohol dependence with 43 SNPs selected from association signals in the first two published GWAS of alcoholism. Our analysis of 808 alcohol-dependent cases and 1,248 controls provided evidence of association of alcohol dependence with SNP rs1614972 in the ADH1C gene (unadjusted p = 0.0017). Because the GWAS study that originally reported association of alcohol dependence with this SNP [1] included only men, we also performed analyses in sex-specific strata. The results suggest that this SNP has a similar effect in both sexes (men: OR (95%CI) = 0.80 (0.66, 0.95); women: OR (95%CI) = 0.83 (0.66, 1.03)). We also observed marginal evidence of association of the rs1614972 minor allele with lower alcohol consumption in the non-alcoholic controls (p = 0.081), and independently in the alcohol-dependent cases (p = 0.046). Despite a number of potential differences between the samples investigated by the prior GWAS and the current study, data presented here provide additional support for the association of SNP rs1614972 in ADH1C with alcohol dependence and extend this finding by demonstrating association with consumption levels in both non-alcoholic and alcohol-dependent populations. Further studies should investigate the association of other polymorphisms in this gene with alcohol dependence and related alcohol-use phenotypes. 相似文献
117.
James R. Woods Mark V. Riofski Mary M. Zheng Melissa A. O’Banion Huaping Mo Julia Kirshner David A. Colby 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2013,23(21):5865-5869
The biological role of installing a critical exocyclic enone into the structure of the alkaloid, (?)-eburnamonine, and characterization of the new chemical reactivity by quantitative NMR without using deuterated solvents are described. This selective modification to a natural product imparts potent anticancer activity as well as bestows chemical reactivity toward nucleophilic thiols, which was measured by quantitative NMR. The synthetic strategy provides an overall conversion of 40%. In the key synthetic step, a modified Peterson olefination was accomplished through the facile release of trifluoroacetate to create the requisite enone in the presence of substantial steric hindrance. 相似文献
118.
Colby T. Ford Gabriel Lopez Zenarosa Kevin B. Smith David C. Brown John Williams Daniel Janies 《Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society》2020,36(4):348-357
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic strains of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), adversely impacts personal and public health. In this study, we examine competing hypotheses for the evolution of AMR including (i) ‘genetic capitalism’ in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and not often lost in lineages, and (ii) ‘stabilizing selection’ in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and lost often. To test these hypotheses, we assembled a dataset that includes annotations for 409 AMR genotypes and a phylogenetic tree based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from 29 255 isolates of E. coli collected over the past 134 years. We used phylogenetic methods to count the times each AMR genotype was gained and lost across the tree and used model-based clustering of the genotypes with respect to their gain and loss rates. We demonstrate that many genotypes cluster to support the hypothesis for genetic capitalism while a few genotypes cluster to support the hypothesis for stabilizing selection. Comparing the sets of genotypes that fall under each of the hypotheses, we found a statistically significant difference in the breakdown of resistance mechanisms through which the AMR genotypes function. The result that many AMR genotypes cluster under genetic capitalism reflects that strong positive selective forces, primarily induced by human industrialization of antibiotics, outweigh the potential fitness costs to the bacterial lineages for carrying the AMR genotypes. We expect genetic capitalism to further drive bacterial lineages to resist antibiotics. We find that antibiotics that function via replacement and efflux tend to behave under stabilizing selection and thus may be valuable in an antibiotic cycling strategy. 相似文献
119.
Fischer C Zultanski SL Zhou H Methot JL Brown WC Mampreian DM Schell AJ Shah S Nuthall H Hughes BL Smotrov N Kenific CM Cruz JC Walker D Bouthillette M Nikov GN Savage DF Jeliazkova-Mecheva VV Diaz D Szewczak AA Bays N Middleton RE Munoz B Shearman MS 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(13):4083-4087
Synthesis, SAR, and evaluation of aryl triazoles as novel gamma secretase modulators (GSMs) are presented in this communication. Starting from the literature and in-house leads, we evaluated a range of five-membered heterocycles as replacements for olefins commonly found in non-acid GSMs. 1,2,3-C-aryl-triazoles were identified as suitable replacements which exhibited good modulation of γ-secretase activity, excellent pharmacokinetics and good central lowering of Aβ42 in Sprague-Dawley rats. 相似文献
120.