全文获取类型
收费全文 | 139篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
146篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 1篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 5篇 |
2014年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 7篇 |
2012年 | 7篇 |
2011年 | 6篇 |
2010年 | 7篇 |
2009年 | 4篇 |
2008年 | 7篇 |
2007年 | 3篇 |
2006年 | 6篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 5篇 |
2002年 | 2篇 |
2001年 | 3篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
1946年 | 1篇 |
1944年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有146条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
72.
73.
74.
K. Evangelou J. Bramis I. Peros P. Zacharatos D. Dasiou-Plakida N. Kalogeropoulos PJ Asimacopoulos C. Kittas E. Marinos VG Gorgoulis 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2004,79(1):5-10
It is well established that p16INK4A protein acts as a cell cycle inhibitor in the nucleus. Therefore, cytoplasmic localization of p16 INK4A usually is disregarded by investigators as nonspecific. Three recent studies reported findings that differ from the current view concerning p16INK4A immunohistochemical localization. All three demonstrated that breast and colon cancers expressing cytoplasmic p16INK4 represent distinct biological subsets. We previously detected in a percentage of non-small cell lung carcinomas simultaneous nuclear and cytoplasmic p16INK4A staining. In view of the reports concerning breast and colon carcinomas, we conducted an ultrastructural re-evaluation of our cases to clarify the specificity of p16INK4A cytoplasmic expression. We observed p16 INK4A immunolocalization in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a proportion of tumor cells. Diffuse dense nuclear staining was detected in the nucleoplasm, whereas weaker granular immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm near the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Negative tumor cells also were visible. In the tumor-associated stromal, cells p16INK4A immunoreactivity was detected only in the nuclei. We have demonstrated that p16INK4A cytoplasmic staining is specific and suggest that it represents a mechanism of p16INK4A inactivation similar to that observed in other tumor suppressor genes. 相似文献
75.
PJ Gokhale 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2016,91(8):540-548
The extraction of statistically meaningful quantitative information from microscopy images is increasingly important for modern biological research. Obtaining accurate, quantitative information from biological specimens, however, is a complex process that requires optimization of several parameters. One must consider the number of probes, fluorescent channels required, type of plate to be used, number of fields to be acquired and optimal resolution for image acquisition. The extraction of information from images is dependent on and can be aided greatly by careful consideration of the factors involved in the image acquisition process. I summarize here the general principles behind the imaging and software technology that is used to quantify images and highlight particular issues of concern for critically applying image quantitation techniques for research. 相似文献
76.
TE Willnow C Antignac AW Br?ndli EI Christensen RD Cox D Davidson JA Davies O Devuyst G Eichele ND Hastie PJ Verroust A Schedl IC Meij 《Organogenesis》2005,2(2):42-47
Rapid progress in genome research creates a wealth of information on the functional annotation of mammalian genome sequences. However, as we accumulate large amounts of scientific information we are facing problems of how to integrate and relate the data produced by various genomic approaches. Here, we propose the novel concept of an organ atlas where diverse data from expression maps to histological findings to mutant phenotypes can be queried, compared and visualized in the context of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the organ. We will seek proof of concept for the organ atlas by elucidating genetic pathways involved in development and pathophysiology of the kidney. Such a kidney atlas may provide a paradigm for a new systems-biology approach in functional genome research aimed at understanding the genetic bases of organ development, physiology and disease.Key Words: EuReGene, kidney, genome, development, pathophysiology, genetics 相似文献
77.
A covariotide model explains apparent phylogenetic structure of oxygenic photosynthetic lineages 总被引:4,自引:13,他引:4
Lockhart PJ; Steel MA; Barbrook AC; Huson DH; Charleston MA; Howe CJ 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(9):1183-1188
The aims of the work were (1) to develop statistical tests to identify
whether substitution takes place under a covariotide model in sequences
used for phylogenetic inference and (2) to determine the influence of
covariotide substitution on phylogenetic trees inferred for photosynthetic
and other organisms. (Covariotide and covarion models are ones in which
sites that are variable in some parts of the underlying tree are invariable
in others and vice versa.) Two tests were developed. The first was a
contingency test, and the second was an inequality test comparing the
expected number of variable sites in two groups with the observed number.
Application of these tests to 16S rDNA and tufA sequences from a range of
nonphotosynthetic prokaryotes and oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes and
eukaryotes suggests the occurrence of a covariotide mechanism. The degree
of support for partitioning of taxa in reconstructed trees involving these
organisms was determined in the presence or absence of sites showing
particular substitution patterns. This analysis showed that the support for
splits between (1) photosynthetic eukaryotes and prokaryotes and (2)
photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms could be accounted for by
patterns arising from covariotide substitution. We show that the additional
problem of compositional bias in sequence data needs to be considered in
the context of patterns of covariotide/covarion substitution. We argue that
while covariotide or covarion substitution may give rise to
phylogenetically informative patterns in sequence data, this may not always
be so.
相似文献
78.
79.
80.
Hynes SO Ferris JA Szponar B Wadström T Fox JG O'Rourke J Larsson L Yaquian E Ljungh A Clyne M Andersen LP Moran AP 《Helicobacter》2004,9(4):313-323
BACKGROUND: The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Purified lipopolysaccharides from four gastric Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter mustelae) and four enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and Helicobacter pullorum) were structurally characterized using electrophoretic, serological and chemical methods. RESULTS: Structural insights into all three moieties of the lipopolysaccharides, i.e. lipid A, core and O-polysaccharide chains, were gained. All species expressed lipopolysaccharides bearing an O-polysaccharide chain, but H. mustelae and H. hepaticus produced truncated semirough lipopolysaccharides. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharides of H. pylori and H. mustelae, no blood group mimicry was detected in the other Helicobacter spp. examined. Intra-species, but not interspecies, fatty acid profiles of lipopolysaccharides were identical within the genus. Although shared lipopolysaccharide-core epitopes with H. pylori occurred, differing structural characteristics were noted in this lipopolysaccharide region of some Helicobacter spp. The lipopolysaccharides of the gastric helicobacters, H. bizzozeronii and H. mustelae, had relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activities which clustered around that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide, whereas H. bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and H. hepaticus formed a cluster with approximately 1000-10,000-fold lower activities. H. pullorum lipopolysaccharide had the highest relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activity of all the helicobacter lipopolysaccharides (10-fold higher than that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide), and all the lipopolysaccharides of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. were capable of inducing nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-kappaB) activation. CONCLUSIONS: The collective results demonstrate the structural heterogeneity and pathogenic potential of lipopolysaccharides of the Helicobacter genus as a group and these differences in lipopolysaccharides may be indicative of adaptation of the bacteria to different ecological niches. 相似文献