Optimal conditions for breaking medically important yeasts by an inexpensive and simple method

Conditions for breaking various medically important yeasts using glass beads, 30 ml Corex centrifuge tubes, and a Vortex mixer were determined. From 75–95% ofCandida hyphal cells and all species of yeasts exceptSporothrix schenckii were broken when 10 g of 0.45–0.50 mm glass beads, 50–300 mg of wet cells in 5 ml of buffer, and 90 s of vortexing were employed. Yeasts ofSporothrix schenckii broke more efficiently when 0.25–0.30 mm beads were used.     

Metyrapone - reduced cytochrome P-450 complex: A specific method for the determination of the phenobarbital inducible form of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450

Using homogeneous cytochrome P-450, we have shown that the well-known metyrapone-dithionite reduced cytochrome P-450 complex is specific for the cytochrome P-450b induced by phenobarbital. A linear relationship was observed between the absorbance of metyrapone-reduced cytochrome P-450 complex and the one of CO-reduced cytochrome P-450 complex, the usual method for the determination of cytochrome P-450. A method has been proposed for the specific determination of the cytochrome P-450b.     

Properties of the selenium-containing moiety of nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri

The nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri is a selenoenzyme, as evidenced by the copurification of selenium with enzyme activity. This conclusion is supported by data showing a 23-fold increase in nicotinic acid hydroxylase activity when C. barkeri was cultured in media supplemented with selenium. A labile, selenium-containing compound was released from the native protein by treatment with either chaotropic agents and heat or by heating alone. A stable selenium compound was formed when the enzyme was alkylated prior to denaturation. This compound had the same chromatographic properties as dialykyl selenide in a number of systems. The formation of dialkyl selenide upon alkylation is not consistent with the selenium moiety being selenocysteine. Thus, nicotinic acid hydroxylase represents a new type of selenoenzyme.     

Andromonoecy and fruit set in three genera of the Proteaceae

It has been suggested by some authors that the low fruit to flower ratio in some Proteaceae is due to andromonoecy, while others, looking particularly at Banksia , have not been able to find evidence for male flowers in the inflorescences. Stirlingia latifolia, Xylomelum occidentals and X. angustifolium are clearly andromonoecous, while no evidence for this condition could be found in Brabejum stellatifoliutn. Production of fertile fruit is related to andromonoecy in Xylomelum and S. latifolia but not in Brabejum. It is unlikely that all-encompassing solutions will be found to what initially seem to be widespread traits in the family, especially in regard to pollination biology, as the genera in the family occupy widely different environments and have very diverse ecological ranges.