Comparison of 4-hydroxynzoate decarboxylase and phenol carboxylase activities in cell-free extracts of a defined, 4-hydroxybenzoate and phenol-degrading anaerobic consortium

Summary Two 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activities and a phenol carboxylase activity were found in cell-free extracts of a defined, 4-hydroxybenzoate- or phenol-grown consortium. Both decarboxylase activities were loosely membrane-associated and required K⁺ but a different pH and ion strength. Loss of activity of both decarboxylases by EDTA could be compensated by Zn²⁺ ions. The K _m values for 4-hydroxybenzoate and K⁺ of the decarboxylase activities with pH optima at 6.4 or 7.8 were 0.02 and 2.5 or 0.004 and 0.5 mm, respectively. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate, 3,4,5-tridydroxybenzoate, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoate and 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate were also decarboxylated by both enzyme activities. The phenol carboxylase was a soluble enzyme with its pH optimum at 6.5. It required K⁺, Rb⁺ or NH _inf4 ^sup+ as monovalent, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ or Ni²⁺ as divalent cations and catalysed the carboxylation of phenol if 2,4-,2,3,4- or 2,4,6-hydroxybezoates were absent. The three enzyme activities were not influenced by Avidin and thus were probably not biotin-dependent enzymes. Offprint requests to: J. Winter     

Evidence for a driving role of ingrowing axons for the shifting of older retinal terminals in the tectum of fish

In amphibians and teleosts, retina and tectum grow incongruently. In order to maintain the retinotopy of the retinotectal projection, Gaze, Keating, and Chung (1974) postulated a shifting of terminals throughout growth. In order to test the possibility that ingrowing retinal fibers are the driving force for this shifting, we induced a permanent retinal projection into the ipsilateral tectum in juveniles of the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni. The surface of the tectum had increased (11–18 months later) 2.5–5.8 times, and the surface of the retina 8.6–14 times. Filling of ganglion cells with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrogradely from the tectum showed ipsilaterally regenerating ganglion cells only in the center of the retina. The position of ganglion cells indicated that the ipsilateral projection derived only from axotomized and regenerating retinal ganglion cells but not from those newly born. Ipsilaterally projecting retinal fibers showed terminals only in the rostral half of the tectum. Comparison of area of terminations of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells at various times after the crush provided no evidence for expansion or a shift into caudal tectal areas throughout the period of growth. These findings are compatible with the idea that newly ingrowing fibers induce older terminals to move caudally.     

Effect of chloramphenicol,antimycin A and hydroxamate on the morphogenetic development of the dimorphic ascomyceteEndomycopsis capsularis

Mitochondrial protein synthesis, primary (antimycin-sensitive) respiration and secondary (antimycin-insensitive, salicyl-hydroxamate-sensitive) respiration, have been characterized in the dimorphic yeastEndomycopsis capsularis. The inhibition by chloramphenicol (CAP) of the morphogenetic development from the yeast-like form to the mycelial structure in this yeast could represent the intervention in the morphogenetic process of mitochondrial protein synthesis, since chloramphenicol blocks in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis. In fact, other functions such as primary and secondary respiration, do not seem to play a role in the morphogenetic development since their inhibition by antimycin A (AA) or by salicyl-hydroxamic acid (SHAM) does not affect the process. In addition, mitochondrial protein synthesis has been shown to be uninhibited by the two respiratory inhibitors.     

Purification and characterization of plasma membrane fractions from cultured pituitary cells

Highly purified plasma membrane fractions have been prepared from GH₃ pituitary cells grown in suspension cultures. These membrane fractions have been obtained by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation and were characterized in terms of their lipid content, marker enzyme analysis and the binding of ³H-labelled thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to its receptor. Alkaline phosphatase and 5′-nucleotidase activities were enriched 12- to 15-fold in the plasma membrane fraction with somewhat greater enrichment (28-fold) of the specific binding component for [³H]TRH, with a specific activity of 2286 fmol [³H]TRH bound per mg protein. A single class of binding sites for TRH was observed with an apparent dissociation constant of 18 nM, a value similar to that observed for intact cells. No detectable TRH binding to the nuclear fraction was observed that could not be ascribed to residual plasma membrane contamination. By electron microscopy, these fragments appeared to be sealed vesicles with an average diameter of approximately 1800 Å. The binding of ¹²⁵I-labelled wheat germ agglutinin was used as a marker for plasma membrane purification. In addition to specific binding to this membrane fraction, specific binding was also observed in the nuclear fraction. Studies with fluorescein-labelled wheat germ agglutinin revealed that, in fixed cells, fluorescence was restricted to the plasma membrane. However, if the cells were treated with Triton before labelling, most of the fluorescence was then associated with the cell nucleus. Hence, the use of wheat germ agglutinin binding as a specific plasma membrane marker must be reevaluated.     

Further evidence for a phycobilisome model from selective dissociation,fluorescence emission,immunoprecipitation, and electron microscopy

Phycobilisomes, isolated in 500 mM Sorensen's phosphate buffer pH 6.8 from the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, were analyzed by selective dissociation at various phosphate concentrations. The results are consistent with a structural model consisting of an allophycocyanin core, surrounded by a hemispherical layer of R-phycocyanin, with phycoerythrin being on the periphery. Such a structure also allows maximum energy transfer.Intact phycobilisomes transfer excitation energy ultimately to a pigment with a fluorescence emission maximum at 675 nm. This pigment is presumed to be allophycocyanin in an aggregated state. Uncoupling of energy transfer among the pigments, and physical release of the phycobiliproteins from the phycobilisome follow a parallel time-course; phycoerythrin is released first, followed by R-phycocyanin, and then allophycocyanin. In 55 mM phosphate buffer, the times at which 50% of each phycobiliprotein has dissociated are: phycoerythrin 40 min, R-phycocyanin 75 min, and allophycocyanin 140 min.The proposed arrangement of phycobiliproteins within phycobilisomes is also consistent with the results from precipitation reactions with monospecific antisera on intact and dissociated phycobilisomes. Anti-phycoerythrin reacts almost immediately with intact phycobilisomes, but reactivity with anti-R-phycocyanin and anti-allophycocyanin is considerably delayed, suggesting that the antigens are not accessible until a loosening of the phycobilisome structure occurs. Reaction with anti-allophycocyanin is very slow in P. cruentum phycobilisomes, but is much more rapid in phycobilisomes of Nostoc sp. which contains 6–8 times more allophycocyanin. It is proposed that allophycocyanin is partially exposed on the base of isolated intact phycobilisomes of both algae, but that in P. cruentum there are too few accessible sites to permit a rapid formation of a precipitate with anti-allophyocyanin.Phycobilisome dissociation is inversely proportional to phosphate concentration (500 mM to 2 mM), and is essentially unaffected by protein concentration in the range used (30–200 μg/ml). Phycobiliprotein release occurs in the same order (phycoerythrin > R-phycocyanin > allophycocyanin) in the pH range 5.4–8.0.     

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase and phospholipase A activities in plasma membranes from fusing muscle cells

Plasma membranes from fusing embryonic muscle cells were assayed for phospholipase A activity to determine if this enzyme plays a role in cell fusion. The membranes were assayed under a variety of conditions with phosphatidylcholine as the substrate and no phospholipase A activity was found. The plasma membranes did contain a phosphatidic acid phosphatase which was optimally active in the presence of Triton X-100 and glycerol. The enzyme activity was constant from pH 5.2 to 7.0, and did not require divalent cations. Over 97% of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity was in the particulate fraction. The subcellular distribution of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase was the same as the distibutions of the plasma membrane markers, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+ K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and the acetylcholine receptor, which indicates that this phosphatase is located exclusively in the plasma membranes. There was no detectable difference in the phosphatidic acid phosphatase activities of plasma membranes from fusing and non-fusing cells.     

Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria

Summary The effects of chronic administration of ACTH (up to 36 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the zona reticularis of the rat adrenal cortex were investigated by stereologic techniques. It was found that ACTH induces two phases of hypertrophy of mitochondria alternating with two proliferative stages, which are associated with a significant decrease in the average volume of the organelles. It is suggested that, as in the zona fasciculata, ACTH controls the processes of growth and division of mitochondria in the zona reticularis. The mechanism underlying this action of ACTH as well as the differences between the responses to ACTH of the mitochondrial population of the two adrenal zones are discussed in the light of evidence indicating that mitochondria contain a complete genetic apparatus largely independent of nuclear control.The authors wish to thank Miss A. Coi and Mr. G. Gottardo for their excellent technical assistance. This work was partly supported by a contract with the CNR (C.T. 73.00663.04)     

Die Bedeutung der Elytren bei Vertretern desMelolontha-Flugtyps (Coleoptera)

The function of the flapping elytra was investigated in garden shafers (Melolontha melolontha L.) and rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes boas Fabr.).