全文获取类型
收费全文 | 217043篇 |
免费 | 15901篇 |
国内免费 | 9042篇 |
专业分类
241986篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1985篇 |
2022年 | 3731篇 |
2021年 | 6591篇 |
2020年 | 4758篇 |
2019年 | 5684篇 |
2018年 | 7059篇 |
2017年 | 5583篇 |
2016年 | 7872篇 |
2015年 | 11612篇 |
2014年 | 12886篇 |
2013年 | 15034篇 |
2012年 | 18226篇 |
2011年 | 16690篇 |
2010年 | 10446篇 |
2009年 | 8616篇 |
2008年 | 12034篇 |
2007年 | 11372篇 |
2006年 | 10140篇 |
2005年 | 8870篇 |
2004年 | 8013篇 |
2003年 | 7336篇 |
2002年 | 6514篇 |
2001年 | 4018篇 |
2000年 | 3804篇 |
1999年 | 3516篇 |
1998年 | 1822篇 |
1997年 | 1609篇 |
1996年 | 1477篇 |
1995年 | 1366篇 |
1994年 | 1357篇 |
1993年 | 1038篇 |
1992年 | 2062篇 |
1991年 | 1777篇 |
1990年 | 1488篇 |
1989年 | 1392篇 |
1988年 | 1248篇 |
1987年 | 1108篇 |
1986年 | 967篇 |
1985年 | 1059篇 |
1984年 | 835篇 |
1983年 | 717篇 |
1982年 | 529篇 |
1981年 | 504篇 |
1979年 | 654篇 |
1978年 | 492篇 |
1977年 | 473篇 |
1976年 | 430篇 |
1975年 | 486篇 |
1974年 | 501篇 |
1973年 | 510篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in cultivated rice contributing to field resistance to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhikang Li S. R. M. Pinson M. A. Marchetti J. W. Stansel W. D. Park 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,91(2):382-388
Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Despite extensive searches of the rice germ plasm, the major gene(s) which give complete resistance to the fungus have not been identified. However, there is much variation in quantitatively inherited resistance to R. solani, and this type of resistance can offer adequate protection against the pathogen under field conditions. Using 255 F4 bulked populations from a cross between the susceptible variety Lemont and the resistant variety Teqing, 2 years of field disease evaluation and 113 well-distributed RFLP markers, we identified six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to resistance to R. solani. These QTLs are located on 6 of the 12 rice chromosomes and collectively explain approximately 60% of the genotypic variation or 47% of the phenotypic variation in the LemontxTeqing cross. One of these resistance QTLs (QSbr4a), which accounted for 6% of the genotypic variation in resistance to R. solani, appeared to be independent of associated morphological traits. The remaining five putative resistance loci (QSbr2a, QSbr3a, QSbr8a, QSbr9a and QSbr12a) all mapped to chromosomal regions also associated with increased plant height, three of which were also associated with QTLs causing later heading. This was consistent with the observation that heading date and plant height accounted for 47% of the genotypic variation in resistance to R. solani in this population. There were also weak associations between resistance to R. solani and leaf width, which were likely due to linkage with a QTL for this trait rather than to a physiological relationship. 相似文献
992.
W. L. Li P. D. Chen L. L. Qi D. J. Liu 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,90(3-4):526-533
A species-specific repeated sequence, pHvNAU62, was cloned from Haynaldia villosa, a wheat relative of great importance. It strongly hybridized to H. villosa, but not to wheat. In situ hybridization localized this sequence to six of seven H. villosa chromosome pairs in telomeric or sub-telomeric regions. Southern hybridization to whea-H. villosa addition lines showed that chromosomes 1V through 6V gave strong signals in ladders while chromosome 7V escaped detection. In addition to H. villosa, several Triticeae species were identified for a high abundance of the pHvNAU62 repeated sequence, among which Thinopyrum bassarabicum and Leymus racemosus produced the strongest signals. Sequence analysis indicated that the cloned fragment was 292 bp long, being AT rich (61%), and showed 67% homology of pSc7235, a rye repeated sequence. Isochizomer analysis suggested that the present repeated sequence was heavily methylated at the cytosine of the CpG dimer in the genome of H. villosa.It was also demonstrated that pHvNAU62 is useful in tagging the introduced 6VS chromosome arm, which confers a resistance gene to wheat powdery mildew, in the segregating generations. 相似文献
993.
D. J. Morré R. Merriman L. R. Tanzer L. -Y. Wu D. M. Morré W. C. MacKellar 《Protoplasma》1995,184(1-4):203-208
Summary Inhibition of NADH oxidase activity of plasma membranes isolated from a series of human xenografts and cell lines by the antitumor sulfonylurea, N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N-(4-chlorophenyl) urea (LY 181984), correlated with the ability of the sulfonylurea to inhibit cell growth. Growth of rat kidney cells either untransformed or transformed with Kirsten-ras (K-ras) were unaffected by the sulfonylurea. Similarly, the NADH oxidase activity of isolated plasma membranes from K-ras transformed cells was unaffected by LY 181984. In contrast, when transformed with Harvey-ras (H-ras), both growth and NADH oxidase activity were inhibited. With the inactive but structurally related LY 181985 (N-4-methylphenyl-sulfonyl)-N-(phenyl)urea), neither growth nor plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity of either sulfonylurea-susceptible or -resistant tissues or cell lines was inhibited. Both sulfonylureas were inactive with rat liver plasma membranes but NADH oxidase activity of plasma membranes and growth with HeLa cells was inhibited by the active (LY 181984) but not by the inactive (LY 181985) sulfonylurea. The findings suggest a possible correlation between inhibition of plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity by the antitumor sulfonylureas and their oncolytic action. 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
The effect of acetic acid on the growth and the fermentative activity of S. cerevisiae was analysed comparatively with the pH. This study showed that the pH does not affect these two activities. On the contrary, the acetic acid has an inhibition effect. This effect was modelised by the relation of Levenspiel. Finally, it was shown that the quantities of acetic acid produced by Brettanomyces were not sufficient to explain the inhibition of Saccharomyces. 相似文献
997.
Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation: The flexible respiratory network ofParacoccus denitrificans
998.
Pierre Netter Sylviane Robineau Claire Lemaire 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1995,246(4):445-454
We have analysed the precise location of a large number (170) of mutations affecting the structural gene for subunit 1 of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. This gene, COXI, is 12.9 kb long and the major part of the sequence (i.e. 11.3 kb) is composed of introns. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) A significant proportion (84/170) of the mutations cannot be assigned to a single position within the gene by deletion mapping, in spite of clearly being located in it. These mutations are probably large deletions or multiple mutations. (2) Four mutants carry distant double mutations, which have been individually localized. (3) Eighty-two mutants have lesions that are restricted to very short regions of the gene and we therefore conclude that they are most probably due to single hits; amongst these single mutations, 41 are unambiguously located in exons and 28 in introns. This result implies that, at least in this particular split gene, the probability of selection of a mutant phenotype in an exon is, on the average, 13.3 times greater than in an intron, in spite of the existence, within most of these introns, of open reading frames specifying intronic proteins. The evolutionary significance and biological implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Júlia Tandori László Nagy Ágnes Puskás Magdolna Droppa Gábor Horváth Péter Maróti 《Photosynthesis research》1995,45(2):135-146
A spontaneous mutant (R/89) of photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 was selected for resistance to 200 M atrazin. It showed increased resistance to interquinone electron transfer inhibitors of o-phenanthroline (resistance factor, RF=20) in UQo reconstituted isolated reaction centers and terbutryne in reaction centers (RF=55) and in chromatophores (RF=85). The amino acid sequence of the QB binding protein of the photosynthetic reaction center (the L subunit) was determined by sequencing the corresponding pufL gene and a single mutation was found (IleL229 Met). The changed amino acid of the mutant strain is in van der Waals contact with the secondary quinone QB. The binding and redox properties of QB in the mutant were characterized by kinetic (charge recombination) and multiple turnover (cytochrome oxidation and semiquinone oscillation) assays of the reaction center. The free energy for stabilization of QAQB
– with respect to QA
–QB was GAB=–60 meV and 0 meV in reaction centers and GAB=–85 meV and –46 meV in chromatophores of R-26 and R/89 strains at pH 8, respectively. The dissociation constants of the quinone UQo and semiquinone UQo
– in reaction centers from R-26 and R/89 showed significant and different pH dependence. The observed changes in binding and redox properties of quinones are interpreted in terms of differential effects (electrostatics and mesomerism) of mutation on the oxidized and reduced states of QB.Abbreviations BChl
bacteriochlorophyll
- Ile
isoleucine
- Met
methionin
- P
primary donor
- QA
primary quinone acceptor
- QB
secondary quinone acceptor
- RC
reaction center protein
- UQo
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl benzoquinone
- UQ10
ubiquinone 50
This work is dedicated to the memory of Randall Ross Stein (1954–1994) and is, in a small way, a testament to the impact which Randy's ideas have had on the development of the field of competitive herbicide binding. 相似文献
1000.
Angel García-Gutiérrez Francisco R. Cantón Fernando Gallardo Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez Francisco M. Cánovas 《Plant molecular biology》1995,27(1):115-128
Pine seedlings are able to accumulate chlorophylls and develop green plastids in a light-independent manner. In this work, we have characterized ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1; Fd-GOGAT), a key enzyme in nitrogen interconversion during this process. Fd-GOGAT has been purified about 170-fold from cotyledons of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). As occurs in angiosperms, the native enzyme is a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 163–168 kDa that is confined to the chloroplast stroma. Polyclonal antibodies generated against the purified enzyme were used to immunoscreen a gt11 expression library from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings and partial cDNA clones were isolated and characterized. The clone with the longest cDNA insert (pGOP44) contained the codification for the C-terminal (550 amino acids) of the pine Fd-GOGAT polypeptide. Immunological cross-reactivity and comparative amino sequence analysis revealed that Fd-GOGAT is a well conserved protein in higher plants. Western blot analyses showed that protein was expressed in chloroplast-containing pine tissues and this expression pattern was not affected by exogenously supplied nitrogen. Fd-GOGAT mRNA, polypeptide and enzyme activity accumulated in substantial amounts in dark-grown pine seedlings. The presence of a functional Fd-GOGAT may be important to provide the required glutamate for the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds during chloroplast biogenesis in the dark. 相似文献