河南省2013年风疹流行病学特征分析

目的了解河南省2013年风疹的流行病学特征,为制定风疹的防治策略提供参考依据。方法对河南省2013年风疹发病资料进行流行病学分析。结果 2013年河南省共报告风疹病例352例,无死亡病例。年均发病率为0.37/10万,其中以信阳市最高,郑州市次之,漯河市最低;发病主要集中在<15岁人群(80.40%),并以散居儿童和学生为主,男女性别比为1.61∶1;发病呈现明显的季节性,3—6月为发病高峰。结论河南省风疹发病率处于较低水平,<15岁儿童为主要发病人群。应提高重点人群风疹疫苗的接种率,预防风疹暴发,减少先天性风疹综合征的发生。     

摇瓶培养条件下雷公藤不定根生长及次生代谢产物含量的研究

以雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.)不定根为材料,研究摇瓶悬浮培养条件下接种密度、装液比例、逐级放大、消泡剂、大孔吸附树脂种类及浓度对雷公藤不定根增长量、不定根及培养基中雷公藤内酯醇、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤次碱含量的影响。结果显示,接种密度在15 g/L (FW)时较适合不定根的继代培养和次生代谢产物的积累。250 m L摇瓶中装入100 m L培养基,即装液量为2/5时,培养基利用率最高。随着摇瓶体积的逐渐放大,不定根增长量和3种次生代谢产物含量略有下降,5 L摇瓶中不定根增长量为对照的91.6%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱的含量分别为对照的91.8%、91.7%和96.9%。6种大孔吸附树脂中,XAD-7处理对不定根的生长有明显促进作用,培养结束时,3种次生代谢产物产量显著提高,当XAD-7浓度为0.5 g/瓶时不定根增长量为对照的1.2倍,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量最高,分别为对照的2.9、2.4和2.2倍。培养基中添加消泡剂后不定根增长量、3种次生代谢产物总产量均不同程度下降,其中,LX-603处理后,虽然不定根增长量为对照的85%,内酯醇、吉碱和次碱产量分别为对照的78%、64%和87%,但明显抑制了培养过程中泡沫的产生。研究结果表明筛选的摇瓶逐级放大培养雷公藤不定根的方法效果较好,可为雷公藤不定根生物反应器放大培养奠定基础。     

粤北南岭大宝山矿流域山水林田湖草修复阻力与优先级分析

遵循“防源、控流、治汇”理念,以粤北南岭大宝山矿区作为风险源,以所在流域为研究区,分析研究区主要阻力因素,采用最小累积阻力模型建立区域生态阻力面;利用Jenks自然断点法,分析生态修复优先级,提出分区治理重点和对策。研究结果表明：研究区综合阻力系数处于9-32之间,各评价指标的阻力面空间分布格局相似,其阻力值呈现出东南部大,西北部小的空间格局;长期的矿业开采污染了流域生态环境,且距离矿区越近的区域生态修复的优先性越高。将研究区分为4个优先级区,各区修复优先性依次为Ⅰ区 > Ⅱ区 > Ⅲ区 > Ⅳ区。Ⅰ区重点在于治水,提高pH、降低重金属有效态含量和增加地表植被覆盖度。Ⅱ区重点在于河流治理与治土,确保污染减排,增强拦泥库的废水调节。Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区核心在治土,逐步改善土壤条件。研究结果为修复项目在时空尺度上落地和科学治理提供科学依据。     

中国人线粒体DNA的八种限制酶图及其电镜结构

尽管Anderson等人(1981)已测定了人mtDNA的全部序列,但还不能全面地反映整个人类mtDNA核苷酸序列的情况。因此,在具有代表特征的中国人mtDNA序列被测定之前,为了开展对中国人mtDNA的遗传学研究,笔者构建了中国人mtDNA的8种限制酶图。并通过电镜技术对mtDNA进行了研究,发现了一种周长为2μm的小环状DNA,推测它可能在核DNA和mtDNA之间的信息传递或衰老发生中起到某些作用。     

北京市5种园林树木蒸腾作用模拟研究

通过对北京市园林5种常用乔木,国槐（Sophora japonica）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）、白蜡（Fraxinus chinensis）、杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）和臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）等植物蒸腾作用与周围环境气象因子（温度、湿度、太阳有效辐射）及植株叶面积指数相关关系的研究,利用Javis公式计算冠层气孔阻力,同时采用PM公式计算冠层蒸腾速率和植株日蒸腾量,并分析不同乔木的冠层气孔导度对环境主要驱动因子的响应规律。结果表明：5种被观测乔木中,国槐耗水量最大,白蜡耗水量最小,植株蒸腾量大小依次为国槐〉银杏〉杜仲〉臭椿〉白蜡（P＜0．01）。植物叶片气孔导度及蒸腾量与环境驱动因子太阳辐射及水气压亏缺的相关关系表明,在土壤水分条件较好时,国槐长势优于其它4种乔木,但是其对水分的利用不够经济,在干旱的情况下不能有效节水。     

A synthetic wheat with 56 chromosomes derived fromTriticum turgidum andAegilops tauschii

By colchicine treatment of hybrids between Triticum turgidum and Aegilops tauschii (as seedlings), a fertile wheat plant (SHW-L2) carrying 56 chromosomes was artificially synthesized. At metaphase I of 50 pollen mother cells, the 56 chromosomes of the new wheat SHW-L2 showed a mean pairing configuration of 2.82 univalents, 6.18 rod bivalents, 19.39 ring bivalents, 0.5 trivalents, and 0.14 quadrivalents. Cytological analyses suggested that SHW-L2 had additional 7 pairs of chromosomes from the A and D genome besides the 42 chromosomes of common wheat. The special chromosome constitution of SHW-L2 may be derived from the chromosome doubling by the colchicine treatment of seedlings and then spontaneous doubling of gametes.     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor for sensory neurons: Comparison with the effects of the neurotrophins

We compared the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons to that of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3). All of these factors were retrogradely transported to sub-populations of sensory neuron cell bodies in the L4/L5 DRG of neonatal rats. The size distribution of ¹²⁵I-GDNF-labeled neurons was variable and consisted of both small and large DRG neurons (mean of 506.60 μm²). ¹²⁵I-NGF was preferentially taken up by small neurons with a mean cross-sectional area of 383.03 μm². Iodinated BDNF and NT-3 were transported by medium to large neurons with mean sizes of 501.48 and 529.27 μm², respectively. A neonatal, sciatic nerve axotomy-induced cell death model was used to determine whether any of these factors could influence DRG neuron survival in vivo. GDNF and NGF rescued nearly 100% of the sensory neurons. BDNF and NT-3 did not promote any detectable level of neuronal survival despite the fact that they underwent retrograde transport. We examined the in vitro survival-promoting ability of these factors on neonatal DRG neuronal cultures derived from neonatal rats. GDNF, NGF, and NT-3 were effective in vitro, while BDNF was not. The range of effects seen in the models described here underscores the importance of testing neuronal responsiveness in more than one model. The biological responsiveness of DRG neurons to GDNF in multiple models suggests that this factor may play a role in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 22–32, 1997.     

圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,也是世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。为了将人工繁育的部分大熊猫个体重引入其历史分布区或复壮野生种群,中国保护大熊猫研究中心从2003年开始进行圈养大熊猫的野外放归工作,通过野化培训以提高圈养大熊猫适应和选择野外环境的能力。对野化培训大熊猫"淘淘"的生境选择研究表明:该野化培训大熊猫幼仔经常活动于新笋密度较大的区域[生境与对照:(2.68±1.14)对(1.58±0.66)],却避开成竹密度过大[(9.91±2.51)对(12.18±4.68)]、竹子较高[(4.57±1.09) m对(4.98±0.66) m]以及枯死竹过多[(2.52±0.86)对(3.39±1.33)]的区域;喜欢活动于离水源[(1.59±0.67)对(2.19±0.87)]和隐蔽场所较近[(5.37±2.14) m对(8.35±7.76)m],以及距离乔木较远[(3.09±0.69) m对(2.70±0.42) m]和郁闭度较低[(1.85±0.57)对(2.10±0.47)]的区域(P < 0.05),新笋密度大小是该栖息地在整个野化培训期间是否被利用的最重要因素。该野化培训大熊猫幼仔保持着与带仔母兽相近的生境选择特征,对竹子环境的选择也与卧龙野生大熊猫相似,野化培训对该大熊猫幼仔产生了积极的作用。野化培训大熊猫幼仔形成的家域和核域面积分别为9.21 hm² 和1.93 hm²,占野化培训圈面积的51.95%和10.89%,其中家域面积仅有卧龙野生大熊猫的1.4%-2.4%,所以在以后的野化培训过程中需要采取增加野化培训圈中环境丰富度等方式,促进野化培训大熊猫形成较大的家域面积。     

Comparison of Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Beagle Dogs

Aging is an inevitable process that occurs in the whole body system accompanying with many functional and morphological changes. Inflammation is known as one of age-related factors, and inflammatory changes could enhance mortality risk. In this study, we compared immunoreactivities of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2 (a pro-inflammatory cytokine), its receptor (IL-2R), IL-4 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine), and its receptor (IL-4R) in the cervical and lumbar spinal cord of young adult (2–3 years old) and aged (10–12 years old) beagle dogs using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. IL-2 and IL-2R-immunoreactive nerve cells were found throughout the gray matter of the cervical and lumbar spinal cord of young adult and aged dogs. In the spinal cord neurons of the aged dog, immunoreactivity and protein levels were apparently increased compared with those in the young adult dog. Change patterns of IL-4- and IL-4R-immunoreactive cells and their protein levels were also similar to those in IL-2 and IL-2R; however, IL-4 and IL-4R immunoreactivity in the periphery of the neuronal cytoplasm in the aged dog was much stronger than that in the young adult dog. These results indicate that the increase of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the aged spinal cord might be related to maintaining a balance of inflammatory reaction in the spinal cord during normal aging.