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991.
992.
Formation of Adeno-Associated Virus Circular Genomes Is Differentially Regulated by Adenovirus E4 ORF6 and E2a Gene Expression 总被引:2,自引:7,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Dongsheng Duan Prerna Sharma Lorita Dudus Yulong Zhang Salih Sanlioglu Ziying Yan Yongping Yue Yihong Ye Rachael Lester Jusan Yang Krishna J. Fisher John F. Engelhardt 《Journal of virology》1999,73(1):161-169
A central feature of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) latent life cycle is persistence in the form of both integrated and episomal genomes. However, the molecular processes associated with episomal long-term persistence of AAV genomes are only poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms, we have utilized a recombinant AAV (rAAV) shuttle vector to identify circular AAV intermediates from transduced HeLa cells and primary fibroblasts. The unique structural features exhibited by these transduction intermediates included circularized monomer and dimer virus genomes in a head-to-tail array, with associated specific base pair alterations in the 5′ viral D sequence. In HeLa cells, the abundance and stability of AAV circular intermediates were augmented by adenovirus expressing the E2a gene product. In the absence of E2a, adenovirus expressing the E4 open reading frame 6 gene product decreased the abundance of AAV circular intermediates, favoring instead the linear replication form monomer (Rfm) and dimer (Rfd) structures. In summary, the formation of AAV circular intermediates appears to represent a new pathway for AAV genome conversion, which is consistent with the head-to-tail concatemerization associated with latent-phase persistence of rAAV. A better understanding of this pathway may increase the utility of rAAV vectors for gene therapy. 相似文献
993.
The objective was to investigate, using a mouse model, the effects of caffeine on the number of ovulated oocytes, the rate of oocyte maturation, the susceptibility of oocytes to activating stimuli, spindle morphology, and distribution of cortical granules (CGs). Mice were given caffeine (150 mg/kg body weight ip) at various times relative to hCG (-2, 0, and +2h); in an in vitro study, 1, 5 or 10 mM caffeine was added to the maturation culture. Caffeine had no effect on the quality of oocytes in vivo maturation, but caffeine was detrimental to the quality of oocytes matured in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine caffeine concentration in follicles relative to that in culture medium. 相似文献
994.
Georgia E. Knauss Walter G. Joyce Tyler R. Lyson Dean Pearson 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2011,85(2):125-142
A nearly complete turtle shell from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of Slope County, North Dakota,
represents the most complete remains to date of a Mesozoic kinosternoid turtle and a new species, Hoplochelys clark nov. sp. The new taxon is diagnosable from other representatives of Hoplochelys by the plesiomorphic placement of the humeral/femoral sulcus behind the hyo/hypoplastral suture and the autapomorphic development
of an interrupted median (neural) keel. All six previously named Paleocene (Puercan and Torrejonian) representatives of Hoplochelys lack diagnostic characters and are synonymized as Hoplochelys crassa. A phylogenetic analysis reveals that Hoplochelys spp. and Agomphus pectoralis are most parsimoniously placed within Kinosternoidea along the phylogenetic stem of the extant Mesoamerican River Turtle
Dermatemys mawii, extending that taxon’s stem lineage from the early Eocene to the late Maastrichtian. The two primary crown lineages of Kinosternoidea
are thus known from the Mesozoic and split prior to the late Campanian. The presence of a thickened cruciform plastron, true
costiform processes, only three inframarginals, and the reduction of the medial contact of the abdominals are synapomorphies
of Chelydroidea, the clade formed by Chelydridae and Kinosternoidae. 相似文献
995.
The ethoxy chains of short ethoxy chain nonylphenol (NPEOav2.0, containing average 2.0 ethoxy units) were dehydrogenated by cell-free extracts from Ensifer sp. strain AS08 grown on a basal medium supplemented with NPEOav2.0. The reaction was coupled with the reduction in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and phenazine
methosulfate. The enzyme (NPEOav2.0 dehydrogenase; NPEO-DH) was purified to homogeneity with a yield of 20% and a 56-fold increase in specific activity. The
molecular mass of the native enzyme was 120 kDa, consisting of two identical monomer units (60 kDa). The gene encoding NPEO-DH
was cloned, which consisted of 1,659 bp, corresponding to a protein of 553 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence
agreed with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified NPEO-DH. The presence of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding
motif and glucose–methanol–choline (GMC) oxidoreductase signature motifs strongly suggested that the enzyme belongs to the
GMC oxidoreductase family. The protein exhibited homology (40–45% identity) with several polyethylene glycol dehydrogenases
(PEG-DHs) of this family, but the identity was lower than those (approximately 58%) among known PEG-DHs. The substrate-binding
domain was more hydrophobic compared with those of glucose oxidase and PEG-DHs. The recombinant protein had the same molecular
mass as the purified NPEO-DH and dehydrogenated PEG400-2000, NPEOav2.0 and its components, and NPEOav10, but only slight or no activity was found using diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and
PEG200.
English edition: The paper was edited by a native speaker through American Journal Experts (). 相似文献
996.
997.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to induce autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but the exact molecular signaling pathway is not well understood. We found that the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) was inhibited in Huh7 cells either harboring HCV-N (genotype 1b) full-genomic replicon or infected with JFH1 (genotype 2a) virus, which led to the activation of UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) and thus to autophagy. We then analyzed activity upstream of MTORC1, and found that both protein kinase, AMP-activated, α (PRKAA, including PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, also known as AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPKα) and AKT (refers to pan AKT, including three isoforms of AKT1-3, also known as protein kinase B, PKB) were inhibited by HCV infection. The inhibition of the AKT-TSC-MTORC1 pathway contributed to upregulating autophagy, but inhibition of PRKAA downregulated autophagy. The net effect on autophagy was from AKT, which overrode the inhibition effect from PRKAA. It was further found that HCV-induced ER stress was responsible for the inhibition of the AKT pathway. Metformin, a PRKAA agonist, inhibited HCV replication not only by activating PRKAA as previously reported, but also by activating AKT independently of the autophagy pathway. Taken together, our data suggested HCV inhibited the AKT-TSC-MTORC1 pathway via ER stress, resulting in autophagy, which may contribute to the establishment of the HCV-induced autophagy. 相似文献
998.
Qin Zhou Fan Zhao Ze-ping Lv Chen-guang Zheng Wei-dong Zheng Liang Sun Na-na Wang Shenghang Pang Fabiana Michelsen de Andrade Mian Fu Xiang-hua He Juan Hui Wen-yu Jiang Chu-yu Yang Xiao-hong Shi Xiao-quan Zhu Guo-fang Pang Yi-ge Yang Hai-qun Xie Wan-dong Zhang Cai-you Hu Ze Yang 《PloS one》2014,9(1)
Background
Previous association studies examining the relationship between the APOC1 polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have shown conflicting results, and it is not clear if an APOC1 variant acts as a genetic risk factor in AD etiology across multiple populations.Methods
To confirm the risk association between APOC1 and AD, we designed a case-control study and also performed a meta-analysis of previously published studies.Results
Seventy-nine patients with AD and one hundred fifty-six unrelated controls were included in case-control study. No association was found between the variation of APOC1 and AD in stage 1 of our study. However, our meta-analysis pooled a total of 2092 AD patients and 2685 controls. The APOC1 rs11568822 polymorphism was associated with increased AD risk in Caucasians, Asians and Caribbean Hispanics, but not in African Americans. APOE ε4 carriers harboring the APOC1 insertion allele, were more prevalent in AD patients than controls (χ2 = 119.46, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 2.31–3.36, P<0.01).Conclusions
The APOC1 insertion allele, in combination with APOE ε4, likely serves as a potential risk factor for developing AD. 相似文献999.
This paper deals with the botanical study of a family funerary enclosure located in the Porta Nocera necropolis in Pompeii
(southwestern Italy). This study is part of a Franco-Italian programme investigating Roman funerary rituals. The choice of
the context was due to the exceptional preservation of the archaeological features, which offered the opportunity to observe
the remains of the proceedings which took place in a funerary enclosure in great detail. An adequate methodology had to be
developed and a 3D recording of every single artefact or ecofact has been made. Both ground surfaces and graves provided botanical
results. Those from the ground surfaces consisted mainly of fruit offering residues (especially fig and grape), while a much
wider range of species was observed in the tombs, including cereals, pulses, other kinds of fruits, weeds and bread/pastry.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
1000.
Bengt Steen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(2):103-108
Goal, Scope and Background The life cycles of many products including textiles contain chemicals for which process flow data are not known or are too
time consuming to collect. Although each chemical may not contribute significantly to the LCA results of the product, which
might justify excluding them, but together their contribution could be significant. Similarly, rough estimates of the process
flows for the production of a single chemical may be very uncertain and considered meaningless, while the estimates of the
cumulative data of process flows for several chemicals may be less uncertain and be a meaningful contribution to the quality
of the LCA results. There are methods for estimation of process flows for different types of products, with varying demands
regarding input data and time and with varying accuracy of the results. This work contributes to the available methods, focusing
on simple estimations for production of chemical substances. The goal was to create a fast method for estimation of emissions,
resource and energy flows (process flows) for the production of chemicals, based on easily available data on the properties
of the chemicals. The process flows investigated were limited to those normally associated with process industries and contributing
most to depletion of resources, to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone production, i.e.
use of energy, crude oil, coal, natural gas, uranium in ore and emissions of CO2, SOx, NOx, NMVOC, methane, BOD, COD and total
N. Toxic substances were excluded, since toxic emissions are substance specific and cannot be included in a generalization.
Method Available data for the process flows for the production of chemicals of mainly fossil origin were correlated to properties
of chemicals such as amount of carbon in the molecule, heat of formation and average number of chemical reaction steps in
the production. The production procedures were found in readily available literature. Up to about six reaction steps were
evaluated in the correlation study. The variations in the process flows among the chemicals studied were calculated.
Results and Discussion There were weak correlations between average number of chemical reaction steps in the production and energy use, COD measured
in water emissions, and SOx and NOx emissions to air. For the remaining properties of chemicals and process flows, there were
only weak correlations for share of double bonding in the molecule if only molecules containing double bondings were included.
Conclusions The precision in estimation of the process flows increases non-significantly when adding information on the number of reaction
steps or share of double bonding for chemicals containing double bonding is added.
Recommendations and Outlook It seems reasonable to start with a simple grouping method to estimate the process flows for the production of a chemical
of fossil origin. Further investigations might investigate whether there is a correlation between process flows and the costs
of chemicals, and further study the correlations between process flows and share of double bonding for chemicals containing
double bondings. 相似文献