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51.
52.
Introduction
In response to the ongoing debate over the relationship between the use of statins and the risk of Parkinson''s disease (PD), we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to examine their association.Methods
We conducted a review of the literature using electronic databases supplemented by a manual search to identify potentially relevant case-control or cohort studies. Summary relative risk (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted.Results
Eleven studies (five case-control and six cohort) with a total of 3,513,209 participants and 21,011 PD cases were included. Statin use was associated with a lower risk of PD, with a summary RR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71–0.92). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of results. Subgroup analyses showed that neither study design nor study region significantly influenced the effect estimates. However, subgroup studies adjusted for age or sex had a greater inverse association than did unadjusted analyses (age-adjusted RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60–0.95; age-unadjusted RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75–0.99 and sex-adjusted RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59–0.98; sex-unadjusted RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.92).Conclusions
Results of this systematic review suggest that statin use is associated with a reduced PD risk. However, randomized controlled trials and more observational studies should be performed before strong conclusions are drawn. 相似文献53.
54.
Hye Min Kim Min Jin Lee Ji Young Jung Chung Yeon Hwang Mincheol Kim Hee-Myong Ro Jongsik Chun Yoo Kyung Lee 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2016,54(11):713-723
The increasing temperature in Arctic tundra deepens the active layer, which is the upper layer of permafrost soil that experiences repeated thawing and freezing. The increasing of soil temperature and the deepening of active layer seem to affect soil microbial communities. Therefore, information on soil microbial communities at various soil depths is essential to understand their potential responses to climate change in the active layer soil. We investigated the community structure of soil bacteria in the active layer from moist acidic tundra in Council, Alaska. We also interpreted their relationship with some relevant soil physicochemical characteristics along soil depth with a fine scale (5 cm depth interval). The bacterial community structure was found to change along soil depth. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and candidate phylum WPS-2 rapidly decreased with soil depth, while those of Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and candidate AD3 rapidly increased. A structural shift was also found in the soil bacterial communities around 20 cm depth, where two organic (upper Oi and lower Oa) horizons are subdivided. The quality and the decomposition degree of organic matter might have influenced the bacterial community structure. Besides the organic matter quality, the vertical distribution of bacterial communities was also found to be related to soil pH and total phosphorus content. This study showed the vertical change of bacterial community in the active layer with a fine scale resolution and the possible influence of the quality of soil organic matter on shaping bacterial community structure. 相似文献
55.
First-principles, all-electron, ab initio calculations have been performed to construct an equivalent potential of water for the electronic structure of glycine (Gly) in solution. The calculation involved three steps. The first step was to search for the minimum-energy geometric structure of the Gly + nH2O system. The second step was to calculate the electronic structure of Gly with the potential of water molecules via the self-consistent cluster-embedding method (SCCE), based on the result obtained in the first step. The last step was to calculate the electronic structure of Gly with the potential of dipoles after replacing the water molecules with dipoles. The results show that the occupied molecular orbitals of Gly are raised by about 0.0524 Ry on average due to the effect of water. The effect of water can be simulated well using the dipole potential. The equivalent potential obtained can be applied directly to electronic structure calculations of proteins in solution using the SCCE method. 相似文献
56.
Peng Lin Sarah M. Hartz Zhehao Zhang Scott F. Saccone Jia Wang Jay A. Tischfield Howard J. Edenberg John R. Kramer Alison M.Goate Laura J. Bierut John P. Rice for the COGA Collaborators COGEND Collaborators GENEVA 《PloS one》2010,5(3)
Background
As the amount of data from genome wide association studies grows dramatically, many interesting scientific questions require imputation to combine or expand datasets. However, there are two situations for which imputation has been problematic: (1) polymorphisms with low minor allele frequency (MAF), and (2) datasets where subjects are genotyped on different platforms. Traditional measures of imputation cannot effectively address these problems.Methodology/Principal Findings
We introduce a new statistic, the imputation quality score (IQS). In order to differentiate between well-imputed and poorly-imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), IQS adjusts the concordance between imputed and genotyped SNPs for chance. We first evaluated IQS in relation to minor allele frequency. Using a sample of subjects genotyped on the Illumina 1 M array, we extracted those SNPs that were also on the Illumina 550 K array and imputed them to the full set of the 1 M SNPs. As expected, the average IQS value drops dramatically with a decrease in minor allele frequency, indicating that IQS appropriately adjusts for minor allele frequency. We then evaluated whether IQS can filter poorly-imputed SNPs in situations where cases and controls are genotyped on different platforms. Randomly dividing the data into “cases” and “controls”, we extracted the Illumina 550 K SNPs from the cases and imputed the remaining Illumina 1 M SNPs. The initial Q-Q plot for the test of association between cases and controls was grossly distorted (λ = 1.15) and had 4016 false positives, reflecting imputation error. After filtering out SNPs with IQS<0.9, the Q-Q plot was acceptable and there were no longer false positives. We then evaluated the robustness of IQS computed independently on the two halves of the data. In both European Americans and African Americans the correlation was >0.99 demonstrating that a database of IQS values from common imputations could be used as an effective filter to combine data genotyped on different platforms.Conclusions/Significance
IQS effectively differentiates well-imputed and poorly-imputed SNPs. It is particularly useful for SNPs with low minor allele frequency and when datasets are genotyped on different platforms. 相似文献57.
Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the portable electronics industry and solid‐state electrochemical research and development for the past two decades. In light of possible concerns over the cost and future availability of lithium, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and other new technologies have emerged as candidates for large‐scale stationary energy storage. Research in these technologies has increased dramatically with a focus on the development of new materials for both the positive and negative electrodes that can enhance the cycling stability, rate capability, and energy density. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials are showing promise for many energy‐related applications and particularly for energy storage, because of the efficient ion transport between the layers and the large surface areas available for improved ion adsorption and faster surface redox reactions. Recent research highlights on the use of 2D materials in these future ‘beyond‐lithium‐ion’ battery systems are reviewed, and strategies to address challenges are discussed as well as their prospects. 相似文献
58.
59.
Yanhua Yang Hanhan Tang Yuanyuan Zhang Feifei Zhu Peng Lü Qin Yao Keping Chen 《Physiological Entomology》2018,43(3):159-168
The silkworm Bombyx mori L., representing an important economic insect and one of the best models for studying insect immunity, possesses an efficient and sophisticated innate immune system against invasive microorganisms. The innate immune system basically includes humoural immunity and cellular immunity. The humoural immunity, which functions via molecules including humoural factors, lysozymes, phenoloxidase, hemolin, lectins and, in particular, antimicrobial peptides, plays a central role in eliminating the invading pathogens. The cellular immunity is primarily carried out and mediated by plasmatocytes and granular cells of haemocytes in the haemolymph, usually followed by melanization. Additionally, apoptosis, a primary viral defence for insects lacking adaptive immunity, comprises an important part of the silkworm immune system. Currently, there is still the lack of a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of silkworm immunity. We review the latest research progress on silkworm immune mechanisms, including phenoloxidase‐dependent melanization and apoptosis, which is conducive to improving our understanding of the silkworm immune mechanism, clarifying the relationship of various immune mechanisms, and also providing a theoretical basis and reference for the future research of insect immunity. 相似文献
60.
Chun S. Wu Lars H. Pedersen Jessica E. Miller Yuelian Sun Elani Streja Peter Uldall J?rn Olsen 《PloS one》2013,8(2)