Permeabilized Escherichia coli Whole Cells Containing Co‐Expressed Two Thermophilic Enzymes Facilitate the Synthesis of scyllo‐Inositol from myo‐Inositol

Scyllo‐inositol (SI), a stereoisomer of inositol, is regarded as a promising therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. Here, an in vitro cofactor‐balance biotransformation for the production of SI from myo‐inositol (MI) by thermophilic myo‐inositol 2‐dehydrogenase (IDH) and scyllo‐inositol 2‐dehydrogenase (SIDH) is presented. These two enzymes (i.e., IDH and SIDH from Geobacillus kaustophilus) are co‐expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and E. coli cells containing the two enzymes are permeabilized by heat treatment as whole‐cell catalysts to convert MI to SI. After condition optimizations about permeabilized temperature, reaction temperature, and initial MI concentration, about 82 g L^?1 of SI is produced from 250 g L^?1 of MI within 24 h without any cofactor supplementation. This final titer of SI produced is the highest to the authors’ limited knowledge. This study provides a promising method for the large‐scale industrial production of SI.     

Sl‐lncRNA15492 interacts with Sl‐miR482a and affects Solanum lycopersicum immunity against Phytophthora infestans

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the resistance of plants to infection by pathogens via interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs). Long non‐coding RNAs are cleaved by miRNAs to produce phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs), which, as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), function as decoys for mature miRNAs, thus inhibiting their expression, and contain pre‐miRNA sequences to produce mature miRNAs. However, whether lncRNAs and miRNAs mediate other molecular mechanisms during plant resistance to pathogens is unknown. In this study, as a positive regulator, Sl‐lncRNA15492 from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Zaofen No. 2) plants affected tomato resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments and RNA ligase‐mediated 5′‐amplification of cDNA ends (RLM‐5′ RACE) also revealed that Sl‐miR482a was negatively involved in tomato resistance by targeting Sl‐NBS‐LRR genes and that silencing of Sl‐NBS‐LRR1 decreased tomato resistance. Sl‐lncRNA15492 inhibited the expression of mature Sl‐miR482a, whose precursor was located within the antisense sequence of Sl‐lncRNA15492. Further degradome analysis and additional RLM‐5′ RACE experiments verified that mature Sl‐miR482a could also cleave Sl‐lncRNA15492. These results provide a mechanism by which lncRNAs might inhibit precursor miRNA expression through antisense strands of lncRNAs, and demonstrate that Sl‐lncRNA15492 and Sl‐miR482a mutually inhibit the maintenance of Sl‐NBS‐LRR1 homeostasis during tomato resistance to P. infestans.     

Mutation of the chloroplast‐localized phosphate transporter OsPHT2;1 reduces flavonoid accumulation and UV tolerance in rice

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for plant development and production. The mechanisms regulating phosphate (Pi) uptake are well established, but the function of chloroplast Pi homeostasis is poorly understood in Oryza sativa (rice). PHT2;1 is one of the transporters/translocators mediating Pi import into chloroplasts. In this study, to gain insight into the role of OsPHT2;1‐mediated stroma Pi, we analyzed OsPHT2;1 function in Pi utilization and photoprotection. Our results showed that OsPHT2;1 was induced by Pi starvation and light exposure. Cell‐based assays showed that OsPHT2;1 localized to the chloroplast envelope and functioned as a low‐affinity Pi transporter. The ospht2;1 had reduced Pi accumulation, plant growth and photosynthetic rates. Metabolite profiling revealed that 52.6% of the decreased metabolites in ospht2;1 plants were flavonoids, which was further confirmed by 40% lower content of total flavonoids compared with the wild type. As a consequence, ospht2;1 plants were more sensitive to UV‐B irradiation. Moreover, the content of phenylalanine, the precursor of flavonoids, was also reduced, and was largely associated with the repressed expression of ADT1/MTR1. Furthermore, the ospht2;1 plants showed decreased grain yields at relatively high levels of UV‐B irradiance. In summary, OsPHT2;1 functions as a chloroplast‐localized low‐affinity Pi transporter that mediates UV tolerance and rice yields at different latitudes.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌碱基编辑的条件优化

近年来,基于CRISPR/Cas9的碱基编辑技术因其具有不产生DNA双链断裂、无需外源DNA模板、不依赖宿主同源重组修复的优势,已经逐渐发展成为一种强大的基因组编辑工具,在动物、植物、酵母和细菌中得到了开发和应用。研究团队前期已在重要的工业模式菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌中开发了一种多元自动化的碱基编辑技术MACBETH,为进一步优化该方法,提高碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的应用效率,本研究首先在谷氨酸棒杆菌中构建了基于绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的检测系统:将GFP基因的起始密码子ATG人工突变为ACG,GFP无法正常表达,当该密码子的C经编辑后恢复为T,即实现GFP蛋白的复活,结合流式细胞仪分析技术,可快速衡量编辑效率。然后,构建针对靶标位点的碱基编辑工具,经测试,该位点可成功被编辑,在初始编辑条件下碱基编辑效率为(13.11±0.21)%。在此基础上,通过对不同培养基类型、诱导初始OD600、诱导时间、诱导物浓度进行优化,确定最优编辑条件是:培养基为CGXII,初始OD600为0.05,诱导时间为20 h,IPTG浓度为0.01 mmol/L。经过优化,编辑效率达到(30.35±0.75)%,较初始条件提高了1.3倍。最后,选取原编辑条件下编辑效率较低的位点,进行了优化后编辑条件下的编辑效率评估,结果显示,不同的位点在最优编辑条件下的编辑效率提高了1.7–2.5倍,进一步证实该优化条件的有效性及通用性。研究结果为碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中更好的应用提供了重要的参考价值。