深共熔溶剂提取杨树桑黄多酚类物质工艺优化及提取物抗氧化活性研究

桑黄是一类应用广泛的药用真菌,桑黄多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎和降糖作用。本研究中的杨树桑黄属于桑黄中重要且能栽培的一种。本研究采用深共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)从栽培杨树桑黄子实体中提取多酚类化合物,考察了不同提取条件对提取率的影响。采用氯化胆碱与尿素组成的DES体系对多酚进行提取,并进一步采用响应面法对提取条件进行优化,获得最佳提取工艺参数为21 min、80 ℃、料液比1:260 g/mL。在此条件下,多酚的提取率高达(23.17±0.88) mg/g,远高于传统方法(12.45±1.88) mg/g。最优条件提取的多酚显示了很强的DPPH和ABTS的清除能力。由此可见,采用DES法从杨树桑黄子实体中提取酚类化合物比传统方法更有效。     

鞘内注射干扰素调节因子8小干扰RNA对术后持续性疼痛大鼠痛阈及脊髓小胶质细胞活化的影响*

目的: 探究鞘内注射干扰素调节因子8小干扰RNA(IRF8 SiRNA)对PPsP大鼠痛阈及脊髓小胶质细胞活化的影响。方法: 120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(SH,n=12),模型组(SM,n=48),溶媒组(SD,n=12)和IRF8沉默组(SS,n=48),其中,SM组于大鼠后足中部隐静脉内侧按皮肤/肌肉切开牵拉(SMIR)法建立术后持续性疼痛(PPsP)模型,SH组仅切开不牵拉;SD组与SS组建模前一周先于L4/5椎间隙行鞘内置管术, SS组于建模后第5、6日连续鞘内给予IRF8 SiRNA溶液20 μl(溶于DEPC水中,150 pmol),SD组给予等量DEPC水。测量并记录建模前(D0),建模后第1(D1)、3(D3)、7(D7)、12(D12)、22(D22)、33(D33)日等时点各组大鼠术侧后足机械刺激缩足反应阈值 (PWT); 建模后第12日各取6只,Western blot法检测脊髓背角Iba-1蛋白表达情况,并取SH组和SM组各3只,取术野隐神经行电镜观察其超微结构改变;再取SM组和SS组于上述各时点各6只,流式细胞术检测脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化情况。结果: 与D0相比, SM组在D1～D22PWT降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),并在D33恢复至正常水平(P＞0.05);与SH组相比,SM组PWT在D1～D22均降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与SD组相比,SS组PWT在D7～D22增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与SH组相比,SS组D7～D22降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);隐神经髓鞘平均厚度: SH组为(377.03± 69.60) nm,SM组为(369.50±73.26) nm,两组间相比无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与SH组相比,SM组Iba-1明显上调(P＜0.01);与SD组相比,SS组Iba-1表达受到抑制(P＜0.05),与SH组相比,SS组Iba-1表达也具有统计学差异(P＜0.05),而SM组与SD组之间,Iba-1的表达无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与D0相比,SM组小胶质细胞活化比率在D3～D22均显著增加(P＜0.01),而SS组小胶质细胞活化于D3达到高峰(P＜0.01);鞘内给药后,SS组脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化比率明显下降,与SM组相比,在D7～D12显著下降(P＜0.01)。结论: SMIR诱导的PPsP大鼠显著且持续的机械痛觉过敏为非明显的外周神经损伤所致,可能是基于脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化所介导,而鞘内给予IRF8小干扰RNA可抑制脊髓背角小胶质细胞的激活,并逆转SMIR诱导的痛觉过敏。     

Interaction between caspase-3 and caspase-5 in the stretch-induced programmed cell death in the human periodontal ligament cells

In our previous studies, programmed cell death (PCD) was induced in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, through activation of caspase-3 and upregulation of CASP5 gene (encoding caspase-5 protein), in response to mechanical stretch loading. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the inflammatory caspase, caspase-5, and the apoptotic executioner protein, caspase-3, in human PDL cells. Here, we found that cyclic stretching upregulated the activity and the protein expression level of caspase-3 and -5 and the addition of the caspase-3 inhibitor or caspase-5 inhibitor significantly inhibited the stretch-induced PCD. Meanwhile, the inhibition of caspase-5 inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and vice versa. The result of coimmunoprecipitation also demonstrated that the expression of caspase-3 was immunoprecipitated with caspase-5. Thus, our study revealed that the in vitro application of cyclic stretching induced PCD by activation of caspase-3 and -5 in human PDL cells, and these two caspases could interact with each other after mechanical stretch loading. The study may facilitate further studies on the mechanism of stretch-induced PCD and help us understand the force-related periodontal homeostasis and remodeling better.     

Microbial Community Analysis and Effects of Fe(II)/Mn(II) Ratio on Denitrification in the Mixotrophic Biological Reactor

In this study, the denitrification performance of the mixotrophic biological reactor was investigated under varying Fe(II)/Mn(II) molar ratio conditions. Results indicate that the optimal nitrate removal ratio occurred at an Fe(II)/Mn(II) molar ratio of 9:1, pH of 7, with an HRT of 10?h. When the reactor was performing under optimal conditions, the nitrate removal reached 100.00% at a rate of 0.116?mmol·L^?1·h^?1. The proportion of oxidized Fe(II) and Mn(II) reached 99.29% and 21.88%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing results show that Pseudomonas was the dominant species in the mixotrophic biological reactor. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and denitrification performance was significantly influenced by variation in the Fe(II)/Mn(II) molar ratio.     

MiR-130b increases fibrosis of HMC cells by regulating the TGF-β1 pathway in diabetic nephropathy

Basement membrane thickening, glomerular hypertrophy, and deposition of multiple extracellular matrix characterize the pathological basis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a condition which ultimately leads to glomerular and renal interstitial fibrosis. Here, we identified a novel microRNA, miR-130b, and investigated its role and therapeutic efficacy in alleviating DN. Introduction of miR-130b dramatically increased cell growth and fibrosis in DN cells. We found that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was a functional target of miR-130b in human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) and overexpression of miR-130b increased expressions of the downstream signaling molecules of TGF-β1, t-Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, and SMAD4. An ectopic application of miR-130b increased messenger RNA and protein expressions of collagen type I (colI), colIV, and fibronectin, whose expression levels were correlated with the expression of miR-130b. Taken together, the findings of this study reveal that miR-130b in HMC cells plays an important role in fibrosis regulation and may thus be involved with the pathogenesis of DN. Therefore, miR-130b may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and the treatment of DN.     

Hsa-miRNA-29a protects against high glucose-induced damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Sustained exposure to high glucose (HG) results in dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells. Hence, diabetic patients often suffer from secondary vascular damages, such as vascular sclerosis and thrombogenesis, which may eventually cause cardiovascular problems. Thus, elucidating how HG results in vascular endothelial cell damage and finding an approach for prevention are important to prevent and treat vascular damages in diabetic patients. In the current study, we first showed that 72-hour exposure to HG-decreased hsa-miRNA-29a and increased the expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), which subsequently inhibited Bcl-2 and promoted the expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 and activation of caspase-3, thus directly triggering the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Study of the underlying mechanism showed that hsa-miRNA-29a/Bax plays an essential role in the decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of HUVECs induced by HG, and overexpression of hsa-miRNA-29a effectively inhibits HG-induced apoptosis and restores the proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs exposed to HG by inhibiting its target gene Bax. In short, our study demonstrates that hsa-miRNA-29a is a promising target for the prevention and treatment of vascular injury in diabetic patients.     

Electrostatic interactions determine entrance/release order of substrates in the catalytic cycle of adenylate kinase

Adenylate kinase is a monomeric phosphotransferase with important biological function in regulating concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells, by transferring the terminal phosphate group from ATP to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and forming two adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecules. During this reaction, the kinase may undergo a large conformational transition, forming different states with its substrates. Although many structures of the protein are available, atomic details of the whole process remain unclear. In this article, we use both conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and an enhanced sampling technique called parallel cascade selection MD simulation to explore different conformational states of the Escherichia coli adenylate kinase. Based on the simulation results, we propose a possible entrance/release order of substrates during the catalytic cycle. The substrate-free protein prefers an open conformation, but changes to a closed state once ATP·Mg enters into its binding pocket first and then AMP does. After the reaction of ATP transferring the terminal phosphate group to AMP, ADP·Mg and ADP are released sequentially, and finally the whole catalyze cycle is completed. Detailed contact and distance analysis reveals that the entrance/release order of substrates may be largely controlled by electrostatic interactions between the protein and the substrates.     

毛蕊花糖苷的生物合成研究进展

毛蕊花糖苷是由咖啡酸、羟基酪醇、葡萄糖和鼠李糖组成的苯乙醇苷类衍生物,广泛存在于多种天然药用植物中,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、镇痛、神经保护、改善性功能、免疫调节和改善细胞记忆等多方面的生物活性.然而,植物提取来源的毛蕊花糖苷存在含量低、环境污染问题,无法实现绿色可持续的规模化生产.利用合成生物学成功构建...     

剪接因子SQD在家蚕中的表达定位与功能分析

BmSQD(Bombyx mori SQUID)是一种具有RRM结构域(RNA recognition motif, RRM)的核内不均一核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hnRNPs)。为探究SQD在家蚕中的表达定位和功能,在生物信息学分析和克隆表达与抗体制备的基础上,本文通过对变态发育和胚胎发育时期部分组织的BmSQD蛋白水平和mRNA水平表达量进行分析,辅以组织细胞定位的免疫组化分析,对SQD蛋白的基本特性和在家蚕Bombyx mori中的表达定位及功能进行了研究。生物信息学分析显示,昆虫中的SQD同源基因相似性高,尤其是SQD蛋白二级结构的α螺旋和β折叠按照β1-α1-β2-β3-α2-β4的空间顺序组合形成的两个RRM结构域在昆虫中高度保守;BmSQD是一种亲水性且具有特定空间结构的hnRNPs蛋白,存在潜在的磷酸化位点;BmSQD在家蚕中的大部分组织中都有表达,尤其在卵巢与精巢等重要组织,且主要在家蚕发育的重要时期如胚胎发育与变态发育时期高表达,主要定位在细胞核内,对基因转录后调节起到剪接调控作用。本文为研究SQ...     

甘肃小陇山锐齿栎种群结构分析

利用种群统计中的年龄结构,静态生命表和波谱分析的方法,对甘肃小陇山沙坝林业实验基地和麦草沟自然保护区中的锐齿栎种群结构动态进行分析,结果表明该种群年龄结构为衰退型。而静态生命表分析显示锐齿栎种群的存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,死亡率曲线有两个高峰;谱分析结果表明在锐齿栎种群自然更新的过程表现出明显的周期性。