Concanavalin A Receptors Associated with Rat Brain Synaptic Junctions Are High Mannose-Type Oligosaccharides

Abstract: Glycoproteins were isolated from a rat brain synaptic junction fraction by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. The isolated glycoproteins were digested with pronase and radiolabeled with ¹²⁵I-Bolton Hunter reagent, and ¹²⁵I-Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides were isolated by chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose. Treatment of the ¹²⁵I-Concanavalin A-binding glycopeptides with either α-mannosidase or endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase-C₁₁ abolished their interaction with Concanavalin A. The pronase digest was reacted with endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase-C₁₁ and released oligosaccharides were reduced with NaB³H₄. Following affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-agarose, Concanavalin A-binding [³H]oligosaccharides were chromatographed on Biogel P₄. Two major oligosaccharides corresponding to standard carbohydrates containing eight and five mannose residues were identified. Treatment of these oligosaccharides with α-mannosidase converted them to smaller saccharides having a mobility on Biogel P₄ columns equal to the standard disaccharide mannose-β-1-4- N '-acetylglucosamine. These results demonstrate that the Concanavalin A receptor activity associated with CNS synaptic junctions resides in asparaginelinked oligosaccharides of the high-mannose type.     

The influence of insulin on glucose permeability and metabolism of human granulocytes.

Viable human polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood were incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C with variable concentrations of insulin in a saline medium buffered at pH 7.4. The hormone increased glucose consumption by about 40% without influencing the permeability of the membranes to glucose, whose uptake followed a passive diffusion process. The measurement of intermediates localized activation of glycolysis by insulin, down to 0.36 nM, at the phosphofructokinase step. However, the spectrophotometric measurement showed no activation of phosphofructokinase after preincubation with insulin of either intact granulocytes or crude or ultracentrifuged homogenates. The level of cyclic AMP, which is known to activate phosphofructokinase, was not modified by insulin; cyclic GMP did not activate the enzyme in the granulocyte extracts: neither of the two nucleotides can therefore be considered as a direct messenger of the action of insulin on phosphofructokinase. An important fraction of the extra glucose consumed under the influence of insulin was recovered as neither glycogen nor lactate, nor was it oxidized in the Krebs cycle. It might be assumed to have been converted into glycerolipids. However, insulin produced no detectable accumulation of triglycerides and activated neither the pentose phosphate pathway nor oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. The fate of the extra glucose consumed under the influence of insulin therefore remains questionable.     

Malocclusion of the premolar and molar teeth in the guinea pig.

Malocclusions of the premolar and molar teeth of inbred Strain 2/N and Strain 13/N and outbred Dunkin-Harley guinea pigs were examined. A higher incidence of malocclusion observed in the inbred strains suggested a genetic basis for the disorder.     

Scanning molecular sieve chromatography of interacting protein systems. IV. The difference profile method as applied to the Gibbs-Duhem expression in the analysis of the dimer-tetramer equilibria of oxyhemoglobin A

The recently-developed large zone difference profile method in scanning molecular sieve chromatography is applied to the analysis of the Gibbs-Duhem expression in the tetramer-dimer equilibrium of human oxyhemoglobin A. The preferential binding term and solvation parameters of the Hofmeister anion phosphate are examined. Results indicate that as the concentration of phosphate ions increase, a hydrated phosphate is formed which enhances the association by perturbing the solvation layer of the hemoglobin molecules. The standard free energy change at a given Hofmeister anion activity of InA(x) = -3.2476 is 9.4 +/- 0.2 kcal mole . DeltaG degrees at InA(x) = -1.2711 is 10.90 +/- 0.05 kcal mole , suggesting that approximately 11 kcal are required to dissociate one mole of tetramer into dimer.     

响应面模型分析高温蛋白酶菌株增殖和产酶关系

【目的】【方法】采用Box-Behnken法设计三因素三水平响应面实验,对比分析了高温蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌BY25发酵过程中细菌生长与产酶之间的关系。【结果】实验表明,细菌生长与产酶的关系在各因素交互影响下变化显著。在中低水平的有机氮源添加条件下,细菌的大量繁殖显著抑制了蛋白酶产量,而在高水平的有机氮源添加条件下,细菌量的增长对产酶的作用由抑制转为促进。【结论】该结果表明,产酶诱导物有机氮源豆制品废渣的添加很可能显著提高了枯草芽孢杆菌群体中产酶菌的比率,而在没有合适诱导物的情况下通过增加细菌量并不能有效提高蛋白酶产量。     

青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场的生境特征及无人机遥测判别——以泉吉河为例

自然产卵场是维持物种延续最关键的栖息地,青海湖裸鲤（Gymnocypris przewalskii）的自然繁殖栖息地状况和生境特征尚缺乏详细的定量研究。以青海湖入湖河流泉吉河为例,在平水期采用现场调查和无人机遥测的方法对青海湖裸鲤的自然产卵场分布及生境状况进行调查,确定其产卵场生境特征参数,建立基于无人机遥测识别产卵场的方法并进行复核验证。结果表明：泉吉河河道形态可分为弯曲型、分汊型和顺直型等三种典型河型,青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场主要分布在弯曲型和分汊型河道中,分汊型河道几乎100%都有产卵场分布,弯曲型河道有70%为产卵场;产卵场河道平均长度（135.13±61.13） m,平均宽度（30.01±17.51） m,平均曲折度1.09±0.07;平均面积（4586.6±4201.61） m²;产卵场常位于缓水浅滩处,平均水深（0.19±0.10） m （范围：0.03-0.44m）,平均流速（0.24±0.20） m/s （范围：0.01-0.81m/s）,河床质为含有沙粒的卵石（粒径：163-256mm）底质。河道形态、沙洲分布、水深特征等特征参数可作为无人机遥测识别产卵场的判断条件,并实现验证成功。研究结果可为开展整个流域的青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场现状评估及保护对策制定提供技术支撑。     

环境因子对河流底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的影响

底栖无脊椎动物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在物质循环和能量流动中是不可或缺的重要环节。其群落结构特点与河流环境因子密切相关,能较好地反映河流生态系统健康状况。综述了物理因子(底质、温度、水深、水流、洪水干扰等)、化学因子(溶氧量、p H值、磷、氮等)、生物因子(水生植物、竞争和捕食)、人为干扰(电站建设、城镇化等)和综合因子对河流底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的影响,并根据国内外研究现状指出水流、海拔和洪水干扰等环境因子对河流底栖无脊椎动物群落结构影响的研究较少或不足,对这些环境因子的研究应是今后河流生态学领域需要着力推进重要内容。深入研究和完善环境因子与底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的关系可为保护底栖无脊椎动物群落、流域水生态系统管理和受损河流生态系统修复提供更为全面的科学依据。     

河口盐沼植物对大型底栖动物群落的影响

通过对长江口崇明东滩盐沼海三棱燕草带大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了不同盐沼底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特征,分析了盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现。（1）沿着河口盐沼海拔梯度,从低位盐沼到高位盐沼,底栖动物群落结构及多样性具有明显的梯度变化;（2）盐沼植被与底栖动物群落有密切的关系,尤其是植株高度,地下部分生物量与底栖动物密度,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,物种丰度的相关性最显著。（3）盐沼植被影响底栖动物群落,是由于植物的地下部分和地下部分结构导致盐沼生境结构复杂,增加了沉积物表层环境的结构异质性,使生境多样化,给底栖动物提供大量生活空间,（4）不同盐沼带海三陵蔗草群落的差异,提供了盐沼表层地貌的变化,这种变化及植物结构的复杂化,在这一些动物提供拓殖地的同时,也为底栖动物躲避捕食者提供了避护所;（5）盐沼植被可以改变口潮滩生境中的沉积环境,并通过消浪、缓流及调节有机质的输入动态和沉积作用而影响底栖动物群落的组成和结构。     

辽东栎林下和开阔地上短柄五加(Acanthopanax brachpus)无性系种群生长的比较研究

研究了分布于开阔地和辽东栎林下短柄五加无性系种群拆散方式、无性系的形态可塑性和分株的死亡年龄,研究结果表明,开阔地上无性系分株的扩散方式为稀疏线型,根茎长度、无性系分株数目,林下和开阔地差异显著,根茎分枝角度、无性系根茎总长无显著性差异。林下分株的死亡年龄显著小于开阔地上无性系分株的死亡年龄。     

Direct adenylation from 5′-OH-terminated oligonucleotides by a fusion enzyme containing Pfu RNA ligase and T4 polynucleotide kinase

5′-Adenylated oligonucleotides (AppOligos) are widely used for single-stranded DNA/RNA ligation in next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications such as microRNA (miRNA) profiling. The ligation between an AppOligo adapter and target molecules (such as miRNA) no longer requires ATP, thereby minimizing potential self-ligations and simplifying library preparation procedures. AppOligos can be produced by chemical synthesis or enzymatic modification. However, adenylation via chemical synthesis is inefficient and expensive, while enzymatic modification requires pre-phosphorylated substrate and additional purification. Here we cloned and characterized the Pfu RNA ligase encoded by the PF0353 gene in the hyperthermophilic archaea Pyrococcus furiosus. We further engineered fusion enzymes containing both Pfu RNA ligase and T4 polynucleotide kinase. One fusion enzyme, 8H-AP, was thermostable and can directly catalyze 5′-OH-terminated DNA substrates to adenylated products. The newly discovered Pfu RNA ligase and the engineered fusion enzyme may be useful tools for applications using AppOligos.