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991.
Recently the significant decreases of species richness and abundance among terrestrial animals including butterflies are reported due to habitat change, overexploitation, and global warming. We compared the butterfly species composition and abundance from 1999 and 2014–2015 in a calcareous hill site of the middle part of Korea using a line transect method. There was a significant decrease in the number of individuals (abundance) and the number of species (richness) from 1999 to 2014–2015. This decrease was more prevalent among northern species than southern species, and the local extinct species were more prevalent among northern species, showing the influence of global warming on butterfly assemblages. However, no impact of habitat change was observed because of maintenance of the grasslands, which is caused by the dry soils of the calcareous region. 相似文献
992.
Generalization of the QST framework in hierarchically structured populations: Impacts of inbreeding and dominance 下载免费PDF全文
Philippe Cubry Ivan Scotti Sylvie Oddou‐Muratorio François Lefèvre 《Molecular ecology resources》2017,17(6):e76-e83
QST is a differentiation parameter based on the decomposition of the genetic variance of a trait. In the case of additive inheritance and absence of selection, it is analogous to the genic differentiation measured on individual loci, FST. Thus, QST?FST comparison is used to infer selection: selective divergence when QST > FST, or convergence when QST < FST. The definition of Q‐statistics was extended to two‐level hierarchical population structures with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Here, we generalize the Q‐statistics framework to any hierarchical population structure. First, we developed the analytical definition of hierarchical Q‐statistics for populations not at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. We show that the Q‐statistics values obtained with the Hardy–Weinberg definition are lower than their corresponding F‐statistics when FIS > 0 (higher when FIS < 0). Then, we used an island model simulation approach to investigate the impact of inbreeding and dominance on the QST?FST framework in a hierarchical population structure. We show that, while differentiation at the lower hierarchical level (QSR) is a monotonic function of migration, differentiation at the upper level (QRT) is not. In the case of additive inheritance, we show that inbreeding inflates the variance of QRT, which can increase the frequency of QRT > FRT cases. We also show that dominance drastically reduces Q‐statistics below F‐statistics for any level of the hierarchy. Therefore, high values of Q‐statistics are good indicators of selection, but low values are not in the case of dominance. 相似文献
993.
A.V. Puchades C. Carpino A. Alfaro‐Fernandez M.I. Font‐San‐Ambrosio S. Davino J. Guerri L. Rubio L. Galipienso 《The Annals of applied biology》2017,171(2):172-178
Southern tomato virus (STV) is a double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus belonging to the genus Amalgavirus from the family Amalgamaviridae. STV has been detected in tomato plants showing symptoms of stunting, fruit discoloration and size reduction, although its role on symptom development is unclear. Also, little is known about the incidence and epidemiology of this virus and how it spreads in tomato crops. In this work, we developed a molecular hybridisation method by using a digoxigenin‐labelled RNA probe based on the nucleotide sequence of the STV putative coat protein which was tested with different procedures for preparation of plant material. This technique was sensitive enough to detect STV from sap extracts (obtained just by grinding in buffer) from different plant tissues such as leaves, fruits, roots and seeds. This procedure is suitable for field surveys since it allows a cheap and quick processing of a high number of samples. Surveys performed in three important tomato production areas (Peninsular Spain, the Canary Islands and Sicily) showed that STV is widely spread, with incidences ranging from 18% to 74% in different local and commercial tomato varieties. 相似文献
994.
An invasive tree facilitates the persistence of native rodents on an over‐grazed floodplain in tropical Australia 下载免费PDF全文
Georgia Ward‐Fear Gregory P. Brown David J. Pearson Richard Shine 《Austral ecology》2017,42(4):385-393
In an ecosystem under simultaneous threat from multiple alien species, one invader may buffer the impact of another. Our surveys on a remote floodplain in the Kimberley region of north western Australia show that invasive chinee apple trees (Ziziphus mauritiana) provide critical refuge habitat for native rodents (pale field rats, Rattus tunneyi). Feral horses (Equus caballus) have trampled most of the remaining floodplain, but are excluded from the area around each chinee apple tree by thorny foliage. Although chinee apple trees constituted <10% of trees along our transects, they represented >50% of trees that harboured rat burrows. The mean number of burrows under each chinee apple tree was twice as high as under most other tree species, and we trapped more than seven times as many rats under chinee apple trees as under other types of trees. The extensive burrow systems under chinee apple trees contained female as well as male rats, whereas we only captured males around the smaller burrow systems under other tree species. Our data suggest that this invasive tree plays a critical role in the persistence of pale field rat populations in this degraded ecosystem, and that managers should maintain these trees (despite their alien origins) at least until feral horses have been removed. 相似文献
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Spatio‐temporal variation in ocean current‐driven hatchling dispersion: Implications for the world's largest leatherback sea turtle nesting region 下载免费PDF全文
999.
A unified framework to model the potential and realized distributions of invasive species within the invaded range 下载免费PDF全文
Tarek Hattab Carol X. Garzón‐López Michael Ewald Sandra Skowronek Raf Aerts Hélène Horen Boris Brasseur Emilie Gallet‐Moron Fabien Spicher Guillaume Decocq Hannes Feilhauer Olivier Honnay Pieter Kempeneers Sebastian Schmidtlein Ben Somers Ruben Van De Kerchove Duccio Rocchini Jonathan Lenoir 《Diversity & distributions》2017,23(7):806-819
1000.
我国生态补偿研究中的科学问题 总被引:64,自引:1,他引:64
我国生态补偿的研究始于20世纪80年代对生态学意义上生态补偿的探讨和经济学意义上生态补偿的摸索;联合国环境与发展大会后,进入主动的基于环境损失赔偿的理论探讨阶段;随着生态保护的加强、生态工程的实施以及保护和发展矛盾的加剧,生态补偿涵义拓展到对生态环境保护者进行补偿,进入理论和实践相结合的阶段,并成为国内社会各界的热点问题。但是目前生态补偿的涵义、理论依据和补偿标准等生态补偿研究的核心问题仍然存在不确定性。我国生态补偿涵义经历了从生态学意义到经济学意义的发展历程,目前阶段的生态补偿涵义与国际上的"生态系统服务付费"比较接近。理清生态补偿费与环境费、资源费的关系是生态补偿定位的关键,主要是确定与后者的包含或者补充关系;生态补偿的环境经济学理论来源是基本一致的,即环境外部成本内部化原理和公共物品理论,但是生态系统服务作为生态补偿的理论依据还存在基于效益补偿还是基于价值补偿的争论;生态补偿标准确定主要包括基于生态系统服务量化、成本(机会成本)或通过供需双方的博弈等方法,目前仍然处于探索阶段。上述科学问题是决定生态补偿实施的可行性和有效性的关键性问题,需要从我国的实际出发,从不同区域的现实出发结合理论探讨和实践需求进行研究,建议日后加强以下几个方面的研究:(1)与现实需求一致的生态补偿概念的确定和科学定位;(2)以现实有效性为基础的理论依据和补偿标准计算;(3)基于利益相关方多方参与的生态补偿机制研究;(4)生态系统服务研究与生态补偿研究的结合。 相似文献