全文获取类型
收费全文 | 20086篇 |
免费 | 1660篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
21751篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 88篇 |
2022年 | 235篇 |
2021年 | 435篇 |
2020年 | 234篇 |
2019年 | 306篇 |
2018年 | 424篇 |
2017年 | 353篇 |
2016年 | 638篇 |
2015年 | 1036篇 |
2014年 | 1172篇 |
2013年 | 1411篇 |
2012年 | 1753篇 |
2011年 | 1655篇 |
2010年 | 1068篇 |
2009年 | 937篇 |
2008年 | 1268篇 |
2007年 | 1292篇 |
2006年 | 1106篇 |
2005年 | 1062篇 |
2004年 | 1034篇 |
2003年 | 939篇 |
2002年 | 892篇 |
2001年 | 207篇 |
2000年 | 145篇 |
1999年 | 153篇 |
1998年 | 233篇 |
1997年 | 149篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 126篇 |
1994年 | 112篇 |
1993年 | 102篇 |
1992年 | 82篇 |
1991年 | 65篇 |
1990年 | 69篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1988年 | 52篇 |
1987年 | 55篇 |
1986年 | 43篇 |
1985年 | 50篇 |
1984年 | 47篇 |
1983年 | 65篇 |
1982年 | 39篇 |
1981年 | 33篇 |
1980年 | 37篇 |
1979年 | 28篇 |
1978年 | 44篇 |
1977年 | 37篇 |
1976年 | 32篇 |
1975年 | 25篇 |
1974年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
91.
Christian Giaume Raymond T. Kado 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1983,762(2):337-343
Some novel studies of the properties of the antimony microelectrode used for intracellular pH measurements are described. First, it is shown that currents in the picoampere range, such as those encountered as leakage in some electrometers, induce important changes in pH sensitivity. The response time of the electrode has also been measured and indicates that the electrode exhibits a rapid time course which would be very useful for dynamic cytoplasmic pH investigations. An example of internal pH recording during cellular acidification in Xenopus laevis oocyte is also presented. 相似文献
92.
Christian Larroche Catherine Creuly Jean-Bernard Gros 《Biocatalysis and Biotransformation》1992,5(3):163-173
The production of 2-heptanone from octanoic acid may be performed by free and entrapped spores of Penicillium roquefortii in a water-organic solvent two phase system.
An industrial, isoparafflnic solvent, i.e. Hydrosol IP 230 O.S., which may be considered as tetradecane, is well suited for the process. Activities nearly double those achieved with aqueous systems are observed using an initial fatty acid content in the organic layer close to 100 mM and a ratio of the volume of the organic phase to the total volume of the medium of 0.88. The presence of the solvent allows a better recovery of the metabolite by lowering its activity coefficient.
Fed-batch experiments performed in an aerated, stirred reactor show that the bioconversion may proceed in the two-phase system for at least 300 h. These conditions allow conversion of 750 mM (108 g · 1-1) fatty acid, and production of 600 mM (68.5 g · 1-1) 2-heptanone. 相似文献
An industrial, isoparafflnic solvent, i.e. Hydrosol IP 230 O.S., which may be considered as tetradecane, is well suited for the process. Activities nearly double those achieved with aqueous systems are observed using an initial fatty acid content in the organic layer close to 100 mM and a ratio of the volume of the organic phase to the total volume of the medium of 0.88. The presence of the solvent allows a better recovery of the metabolite by lowering its activity coefficient.
Fed-batch experiments performed in an aerated, stirred reactor show that the bioconversion may proceed in the two-phase system for at least 300 h. These conditions allow conversion of 750 mM (108 g · 1-1) fatty acid, and production of 600 mM (68.5 g · 1-1) 2-heptanone. 相似文献
93.
An axial binding site in the Tetrahymena precursor RNA. 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Previous studies allow the construction of three distinct models of the binding of G and arginine within the active site of the Tetrahymena self-splicing preribosomal precursor RNA. These models (base triple, axial I and axial II) are now distinguished by measurements on the specificity of RNAs with nucleotide substitutions at positions spanning the site. Because the semi-conserved unpaired nucleotide 263 has no effect on substrate or inhibitor selection by the Tetrahymena RNA we conclude that the axial I model is improbable. In contrast, data with substituted RNAs and nucleoside analogs suggest that nucleotide 265 makes a hydrogen bond with the substrate. Accordingly the active site appears axial because substrate contacts exist at more than one nucleotide on the 5' side of the P7 helix. The effects of this hydrogen bond are observable in cases where the donor or acceptor is on the RNA, whether nucleotide 265 is a purine or pyrimidine, or whether nucleotide 265 is mispaired, wobble paired or normally paired. This pattern is consistent with the axial II model. Molecular dynamics and energy minimization calculations lead to the same conclusions as these site-directed substitutions; the base triple and axial I models are unstable dynamically. Under thermal agitation, the third model site (axial II) is transformed to a related, but more stable structure, axial III. The axial III active site is characterized by the extrusion of the conserved bulged base 263 from the P7 helix, a semi-pocket for G base formed by stacking of nucleotide 262, and formation of all bonds to the G base originally proposed for both the base triple and axial II sites. Because of these hydrogen bonds the axial III site is also consistent with data on enzymatic specificity. The axial III model indicates an unforeseen capacity for pocket formation within the groove of an RNA helix, suggests that the site may be unusually flexible, and bears on a hypothesis concerning the origin of the genetic code. 相似文献
94.
Zusammenfassung 1. Respirometrische Messungen der spezifisch-dynamischen Wirkung (SDW) bei körnerfressenden Singvögeln zeigen, daß die SDW mit sinkenden Umgebungstemperaturen relativ kleiner wird. 2. Der Existenzstoffwechsel körnerfressender Singvögel weist nahrungsspezifische Unterschiede auf. Diese Unterschiede sind durch den unterschiedlichen SDW-Effekt verschiedener Nährstoffzusammensetzungen verursacht und sind von der Umgebungstemperatur abhängig: Sinken die Umgebungstemperaturen, werden die Unterschiede relativ kleiner. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß körnerfressende Singvögel in der Lage sind, mit der SDW die Thermoregulation zu unterstützen.
Can the specific dynamic action (SDA) contribute to the thermoregulation of granivorous song birds?
Summary 1. Respirometric measurements of the specific dynamic action (SDA) of granivorous song birds show that the SDA decreases relatively with dropping temperatures. 2. The existence metabolic rates of granivorous song birds show diet-related differences. These differences are caused by the SDA of different food types and are depend on the ambient temperature: With dropping ambient temperature differences become relatively smaller. These results indicate that granivorous song birds are able to use the SDA in thermoregulation.相似文献
95.
Christian Brochmann 《Nordic Journal of Botany》1992,12(6):657-673
Pollen and seed morphology were examined in 54 diploid and allopolyploid populations representing 15 Nordic species of the taxonomically complex genus Draba. The pollen size was strongly correlated with chromosome number, but it was unreliable for inferring the exact ploidal level of individual populations. Five main pollen types were recognized based on sculpturing of the exine. Two populations of D. lactea had conspicuously different exine sculpturing, supporting a previous hypothesis based on molecular data that this hexaploid is polyphyletic and has been derived from various combinations of diploid species. The pollen morphological data are also consistent with the hypotheses that the 16-ploid D. corymbosa is an intersectional allopolyploid derived from the sections Draba and Chrysodraba , that the hexaploid D. cinerea is a progenitor of the decaploid D. arctica , and that D. crassifolia and D. adamsii represent isolated allopolyploid lineages. The seed size and weight were only weakly correlated with chromosome number, but showed a close relationship to habitat ecology. The largest seeds were observed in species typical of closed habitats, in which seedling establishment probably is limited by competition with mosses. The seed coat surface had a characteristic verrucate reticulum, but the differentiation among species was vague or absent. The seed size and colour, however, distinguish some species, e.g., in the D. alpina complex, which otherwise are morphologically very similar. 相似文献
96.
Almuth-Sigrun Jandel Helmut Hustedt Christian Wandrey 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1982,15(2):59-63
Summary L-alanine was produced continuously from fumaric acid by means of soluble aspartase and L-aspartate--decarboxylase. The two reaction steps were carried out in two membrane reactors in series at different pH and temperature. The retention of the soluble enzymes within the reactor vessels was achieved by means of ultrafiltration membranes. 相似文献
97.
The only representatives ofRubiaceae-Rubieae in Madagascar are five species ofGalium. G. thunbergianum andG. chloroionanthum are essentially afromontane species, ± widely distributed in both the African mainland and Madagascar. The new speciesG. andringitrense andG. ankaratrense are endemic to Madagascar but show close affinities to two afromontane—afroalpine groups from the African mainland, theG. simense—G. ruwenzoriense andG. glaciale complex respectively.G. polyacanthum (new combination) exhibits certain primitive morphological traits and appears to be an old Madagascan endemic without close allies. New chromosome counts for populations from the African mainland demonstrate thatG. chloroionanthum andG. simense are 4x (x=11). Distribution patterns and origins of theGalium species in Madagascar and their relationships with African taxa are discussed. 相似文献
98.
99.
Elisabeth Tillberg Christian Dons May Haugstad Stein Nilsen 《Physiologia plantarum》1981,52(4):401-406
The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on photosynthesis, dark respiration, and photorespiration were studied in Lemna gibba L. plants. The initial concentration of ABA in the nutrient solution was 10−7 M and in a few experiments, 10−6 M. The cultures were grown in the same solution for time periods ranging from one hour to 12 days. Net photosynthesis, measured as CO2 uptake by infrared gas analyser technique, was inhibited after four hours of ABA treatment and reached a minimum after four to seven days depending on the time of the year. After 12 days a substantial recovery of photosynthesis was observed. Dark respiration was significantly stimulated after two to seven days of ABA treatment but then returned to the control level. The transient effects of ABA on photosynthesis and dark respiration corresponded to the previously measured time course of [14 C]-ABA uptake by Lemna . Photorespiration measured as oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis was not affected by ABA. 相似文献
100.
Louis Piovetti Christian Francisco Ginette Pauly Otmane Benchabane Colette Bernard-Dagan Anne Diara 《Phytochemistry》1981,20(6):1299-1302
Analysis of wood essential oil of Cupressus dupreziana revealed 26 components: 13 monoterpenes and 13 sesquiterpenes. The main components were carv 相似文献