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31.
The nervous system of Tricladida. I. Neuroanatomy ofProcerodes littoralis (Maricola,Procerodidae): An immunocytochemical study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Maria Reuter Margaretha K. S. Gustafsson Cecilia Sahlgren David W. Halton Aaron G. Maule Chris Shaw 《Invertebrate neuroscience : IN》1995,1(2):113-122
The organization of the nervous system ofProcerodes littoralis (Tricladida, Maricola, Procerodidae) was studied by immunocytochemistry, using antibodies to authentic flatworm neuropeptide
F (NPF) (Moniezia expansa). Compared to earlier investigations of the neuroanatomy of tricladid flatworms, the pattern of NPF immunoreactivity inProcerodes littoralis reveals differences in the following respects: 1. Shape and structure of the brain. 2. Number and composition of longitudinal
nerve cords. 3. Shape of branches of, and transverse connections between, main ventral nerve cords. 4. Composition of the
pharyngeal nervous system. The rich innervation by NPF immunoreactive (IR) fibres and cells of the subepithelial muscle layer,
the pharynx musculature and the musculature of the male copulatory apparatus indicates a neurotransmitter or neuromodulatory
influence on muscular activity. 相似文献
32.
Tracey Ann Roy Christopher B. Ruff Chris C. Plato 《American journal of physical anthropology》1994,94(2):203-211
Bilateral asymmetry in the structure of the second metacarpal was examined in relation to functional hand dominance in a large, clinically nonselected, healthy population sample from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Bilateral bone measurements were made from anteroposterior hand radiographs of a total of 992 individuals, 609 males and 383 females, with an age range of 19–94 years. Hand dominance was determined on the basis of personal impression. Total width and medullary width at the midshaft of the second metacarpal were measured to 0.05 mm using a Helios caliper. These two measurements were used to derive cortical thickness, cortical bone area, periosteal (total) area, medullary area, percent cortical area, and the second moment of area in the mediolateral plane. In both right and left-handed individuals, statistically significant side differences were found in the calculated bone areas and the second moment of area, with the dominant hand being larger. Cortical thickness did not show significant side-related differences for either handedness. These results show that functional handedness leads to periosteal and endosteal expansion of the second metacarpal cortex on the dominant side, increasing bone strength without increasing cortical thickness. This is the first time this pattern of asymmetry has been reported in left-handers as well as right-handers. Our results argue for the primacy of environmental (mechanical) effects in determining bilateral asymmetry of limb bone structural properties. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
33.
34.
Bi-directional transfer of nitrogen between alfalfa and bromegrass: Short and long term evidence 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Transfer of N from legumes to associated non-legumes has been demonstrated under a wide range of conditions. Because legumes
are able to derive their N requirements from N2 fixation, legumes can serve, through the transfer of N, as a source of N for accompanying non-legumes. Studies, therefore,
are often limited to the transfer of N from the legume to the non-legume. However, legumes preferentially rely on available
soil N as their source of N. To determine whether N can be transferred from a non-legume to a legume, two greenhouse experiments
were conducted. In the short-term N-transfer experiment, a portion of the foliage of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was immersed in a highly labelled 15N-solution and following a 64 h incubation, the roots and leaves of the associated alfalfa and bromegrass were analyzed for
15N. In the long-term N transfer experiment, alfalfa and bromegrass were grown in an 15N-labelled nutrient solution and transplanted in pots with unlabelled bromegrass and alfalfa plants. Plants were harvested
at 50 and 79 d after transplanting and analyzed for 15N content. Whether alfalfa or bromegrass were the donor plants in the short-term experiment, roots and leaves of all neighbouring
alfalfa and bromegrass plants were enriched with 15N. Similarly, when alfalfa or bromegrass was labelled in the long-term experiment, the roots and shoots of neighbouring alfalfa
and bromegrass plants became enriched with 15N. These two studies conclusively show that within a short period of time, N is transferred from both the N2-fixing legume to the associated non-legume and also from the non-legume to the N2-fixing legume. The occurrence of a bi-directional N transfer between N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing plants should be taken into consideration when the intensity of N cycling and the directional flow of N in pastures
and natural ecosystems are investigated. 相似文献
35.
A novel photorespiratory mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, designatedgld2, was isolated based on a growth requirement for abnormallyhigh levels of atmospheric CO2. Photosynthetic CO2 fixationwas inhibited in the mutant following illumination in air butnot in atmosphere containing 2% O2. Photosynthetic assimilationof 14CO2 in an atmosphere containing 50% O2 resulted in accumulationof 48% of the soluble label in glycine in the mutant comparedto 9% in the wild type. The rate of glycine decarboxylationby isolated mitochondria from the mutant was reduced to 6% ofthe wild type rate. In genetic crosses, the mutant complementedtwo previously described photorespiratory mutants of A. thalianathat accumulate glycine during photosynthesis in air due todefects in glycine decarboxylase (glyD, now designated gld1)and serine transhydroxymethylase (stm). Because glycine decarboxylaseis a complex of four enzymes, these results are consistent witha mutation in a glycine decarboxylase subunit other than thataffected in the gld1 mutant. The two gld loci were mapped tochromosomes 2 and 5, respectively.
3Present address: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, MichiganState University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.
4Present address: Department of Applied Bioscience, Facultyof Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060 Japan
5Present address: Department of Biology, Carnegie Institutionof Washington, 290 Panama Street, Standford, CA 94305, U.S.A. 相似文献
36.
Peter Mullany Chris L. Clayton Mark J. Pallen Rhona Slone Alaa Al-Saleh Soad Tabaqchali 《FEMS microbiology letters》1994,124(1):61-67
Abstract Screening of a Clostridium difficile ψEMBL3 gene library with antisera raised against C. difficile culture supernatant identified several clones expressing a 31-kDa protein. A 1.8-kb Hin dIII fragment subcloned from one of the clones was sufficient for expression of the 31-kDa polypeptide. Southern blot analysis showed a region homologous to this fragment to be present in all of 13 different C. difficile strains tested. Sequence analysis of the 1.8-kb fragment revealed three adjacent open reading frames. A database search showed that these three open reading frames appeared to encode homologues of three consecutive enzymes in the butanol/butyrate-producing pathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum (crotonase, β-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and thiolase). 相似文献
37.
Ronald J. Prokopy Chris Bergweiler Luis Galarza Jeri Schwerin 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1994,7(5):663-677
Females of the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella, were allowed for 3 days to alight upon and oviposit in green or red 18- to 20-mm hawthorn host fruit (Crategus mollis) or green or red 45- to 55-mm apple host fruit (Malus pumila) hung from branches of potted host trees in field enclosures. Subsequently, when females were released individually on potted host trees harboring fruit of one of these types, their ability to find fruit of unfamiliar size proved unaffected by prior experience with fruit but their ability to find fruit of unfamiliar color was significantly affected. Specifically, females exposed to red hawthorns or red apples were less able to find green hawthorns or green apples than were females experienced with either of the latter fruit types. Fruit odor was found to have no effect on female ability to find familiar compared with unfamiliar green fruit. In contrast, a difference in size (or surface chemistry) between familiar and unfamiliar fruit but not a difference in fruit color had a significant negative influence on the propensity of alighting females to bore into unfamiliar fruit. Three bouts of experience with alighting upon and ovipositing into fruit over a period of about 1 h had no detectable effect on female ability to find unfamiliar fruit but did reduce propensity to bore into unfamiliar fruit. Our findings are discussed in relation to insect ability to learn visual and chemical stimuli of resources and insect propensity to form host races. We also discuss the potential impact of our findings on nonpesticidal, behavioral methods of managingR. pomonella in commercial apple orchards. 相似文献
38.
Batrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre Chris Hawes 《Biology of the cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization》1993,79(1):7-15
Summary— The vectorial transport of membrane and macromolecules within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells has been the subject of intense investigation over the last decade. In this paper we review some of the recent advances made in our understanding of vesicle transport and the secretory pathway in plant cells. 相似文献
39.
Alison Moore Kathy M. Ensrud Thomas W. White Chris D. Frethem David W. Hamilton 《Molecular reproduction and development》1994,37(2):181-194
Monoclonal antibody 4E9, which was raised against a partially purified detergent extract of rat caudal epididymal sperm, recognizes the tail of sperm from the cauda, but not from caput epididymidis, as well as epithelial cells in a restricted region of the distal caput/corpus epididymidis and proteins in epididymal fluid from corpus and cauda epididymidis. The antigen is apparently a glycoprotein, since it is retained on a Ricinus communis agglutinin l lectin column. Epididymal fluid antigens have apparent MrS of 38–26 kD, whereas the memrane-associated form of the molecule has an Mr of 26 kD. Immunocytochemical data and Western immunoblot data suggest that the membrane antigen is derived from the fluid antigen, which, in turn, is secrteted by the epididymal epithelium. Characterization of the membrane antigen indicates that it is tightly associated with the sperm surface, behaving as though it is an integral membrane protein. The antigen persists on ejaculated sperm. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
40.
The current approaches to the study of clonal plants are reviewed. Most studies concentrate at the level of the ramet and clonal fragment exploring the “microscopic” view of clonal plants, dealing with the translocation of resources, clonal integration, plasticity of growth etc. The information gained, by this approach can be used in the understanding of higher levels of organization within the clonal system either with the help of spatially explicit modelling techniques, or by using means and distributions of size within a population instead of studying individual ramets separately. Plant scientists use the term clone with two meanings, viz. (a) a set of physiologically connected, but potentially independent ramets, and (b) a set of genetically identical, but potentially physically separated individuals. The overlap of these terms differs between individual plant species, depending on the extent of physical separation of the ramets and the degree of physiological integration between the ramets; the lower the frequency of ramet separation, the closer are the physiological and genetic concepts of the clone. Three critical areas seem to be neglected in clonal plant research: (a) the interrelationship between hierarchical levels in clonal plants, (b) the particular spatial structure of their environment, and (c) the importance of clonal plants in different ecological communities. 相似文献