Chemical Contamination of California Drinking Water

Drinking water contamination by toxic chemicals has become widely recognized as a public health concern since the discovery of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in California''s Central Valley in 1979. Increased monitoring since then has shown that other pesticides and industrial chemicals are present in drinking water. Contaminants of drinking water also include naturally occurring substances such as asbestos and even the by-products of water chlorination. Public water systems, commercially bottled and vended water and mineral water are regulated, and California is also taking measures to prevent water pollution by chemicals through various new laws and programs.     

Genetic control of capsid length in bacteriophage T4: clustering of ptg mutations in gene 23.

Fifty-two new bacteriophage T4 ptg mutations have been isolated by selecting for the giant-capsid phenotype they display. Genetic mapping placed all of them at eight sites, all located in gene 23. These sites were clustered in three locations, one near amber B17 (gene 23 nucleotide [NT] 268), another centrally placed between amE506 (NT 706) and amE1270 (NT 925), and the third between amC208 (NT 1297) and amE1236 (NT 1489). The lack of a selective system for identifying recombinant genotypes when dealing with the very close linkages found within these clusters opens the possibility that more than eight sites are represented in this set of mutations. Since one site was represented by only one mutation, it seems likely that further searching might uncover additional sites. It is suggested that the clustering of mutations observed here identifies regions of the gene 23 product that play a role in regulating the capsid length of T4.     

β-adrenoceptors in human tracheal smooth muscle: characteristics of binding and relaxation

Specific binding of [¹²⁵I]-(−)-cyanopindolol to human tracheal smooth muscle membranes was saturable, stereo-selective and of high affinity (K_d=5.3±0.9 pmol/l and R_T=78±7fmol/g tissue). The β₁-selective antagonists atenolol and LK 203-030 inhibited specific [¹²⁵I]-(−)-cyanopindolol binding according to a one binding site model with low affinity in nearly all subjects, pointing to a homogeneous β₂-adrenoceptor population. In one subject using LK 203-030 a small β-adrenoceptor subpopulation could be demonstrated. The beta-mimetics isoprenaline, fenoterol, salbutamol and terbutaline recognized high and low affinity agonist binding sites. Isoprenaline's pK_H- and pK_L- values for the high and low affinity sites were 8.0±0.2 and 5.9±0.3 respectively. In functional experiments isoprenaline relaxed tracheal smooth muscle strips having intrinsic tone with a pD₂-value of 6.63±0.19.     

Nitrogen Enhancement of Phosphate Transport in Roots of Zea mays L. : I. Effects of Ammonium and Nitrate Pretreatment

The effect of nitrogen status on phosphorous uptake and translocation was examined in 6-day-old dark-grown decapitated maize seedlings exposed to 25 micromolar phosphorous. Transfer to complete solutions containing 1 millimolar ammonium resulted in an increase in phosphorous uptake rate after 6 to 8 hours. The stimulus remained effective for at least 5.5 hours upon subsequent transfer to nitrogen-free solutions. Pretreatments for 16 hours with either nitrate or ammonium resulted in enhanced rates of subsequent phosphorous uptake and in enhanced translocation to the xylem of the exogenously supplied phosphorous. Both processes reached a plateau following pretreatment with 0.1 to 1.0 millimolar concentrations of either nitrogen ion. Further enhancement occurred with 10 millimolar nitrate, but not with 10 millimolar ammonium pretreatment. Although nitrogen pretreatments slightly increased the quantity of exogenous phosphorous retained in the root tissue, most of the extra phosphorous taken up by the nitrogen-pretreated seedlings was translocated to the xylem. The enhanced translocation, however, did not totally account for the increase in uptake implying a specific stimulation of the uptake process.     

Overexpression and DNA-binding properties of the mer-encoded regulatory protein from plasmid NR1 (Tn21).

In plasmid NR1 the expression of genes involved in mercury resistance (Tn21) is regulated by the trans-acting product of the merR gene. An in vivo T7 RNA polymerase-promoter overexpression system was used to detect a protein of approximately 16,000 daltons encoded by the merR reading frame. Overexpressed MerR constituted about 5% of labeled proteins. An in vitro MerR-mer-op (mer-op is the mer operator and promoter region) gel electrophoresis binding assay established that the binding site for MerR was located between the putative -35 and -10 sequences of the promoter for the mer structural genes. A nonsense mutation in the carboxyl half of MerR resulted in the loss of biological function and the loss of in vitro mer-op binding properties.     

Inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase and acid secretion by SCH 28080, a substituted pyridyl(1,2a)imidazole

A hydrophobic amine, SCH 28080, 2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo(1,2a)pyridine-3-acetonitrile, previously shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in vivo and in vitro, was also shown to inhibit basal and stimulated aminopyrine accumulation in isolated gastric glands when histamine, high K+ concentrations, or dibutyryl cAMP were used as secretagogues. Stimulated, but not basal, oxygen consumption was also inhibited. Neutralization of the acid space of the parietal cell by high concentrations of the weak base, imidazole, reduced the potency of the drug, suggesting that SCH 28080 was active when protonated. Studies on the isolated H+,K+-ATPase showed that the compound inhibited the enzyme competitively with K+, whether ATP or p-nitrophenyl phosphate were used as substrates. In contrast, the inhibition was mixed with respect to p-nitrophenyl phosphate and uncompetitive with respect to ATP. The drug reduced the steady state level of the phosphoenzyme but not the observed rate constant for phosphoenzyme formation in the absence of K+ nor the quantity of phosphoenzyme reacting with K+. The drug quenched the fluorescence of fluorescein isothiocyanate-modified enzyme and also inhibited the ATP-independent K+ exchange reaction of the H+,K+-ATPase. Its action on gastric acid secretion can be explained by inhibition of the H+,K+-ATPase by reversible complexation of the enzyme. This class of compound, therefore, acts as a reversible inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.