Immunocytochemical localization of tubulin with colloidal gold in cilia of rabbit tracheal epithelial cultures

Ciliated tracheal epithelia cell cultures were investigated immunocytochemically with anti-tubulin and colloidal gold. When rabbit tracheal cultures were fixed in paraformaldehyde, treated with acetone, anti-tubulin and a second antibody coupled to FITC, fluorescence was associated with cytoskeletal and axonemal microtubules. Cilia covering the apical surface of the ciliated tracheal cells fluoresced very brightly thus facilitating identification of this cell type. Electron microscopy of tracheal cultures fixed as above, treated with Triton-X 100 and incubated in anti-tubulin and protein A coupled to colloidal gold resulted in the highly specific localization of tubulin in ciliary axonemes and basal bodies. Omission of primary or secondary antibody resulted in extremely low levels of fluorescence while no colloidal gold particles could be detected in cultures at the electron microscopy level when rabbit anti-tubulin was omitted.     

A study of the occurrence of regulator secondary structures in globular proteins

The distribution of regular secondary structures, viz. α-helices and β-strands, along the length of over 70 properties whose secondary structural details have been reported, has been analysed. The occurrence of these regular structures tends to be a maximum at the N- and C-termini. Our analysis suggests that both these free ends could possibly serve as nucleating centers for secondary structures and could play an important role in the folding of proteins.     

A chemosystematic study of some geraniaceae

The flavonoids of five Geranium, fourteen Erodium and four Monsonia species were studied. Quercetin was the most common aglycone with lesse     

DETERMINATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF LOCUSTS TO DNC IN RELATION TO THEIR WEIGHT, AGE AND SEX

Experiments have shown that the resistance of adults of the desert locust ( Schistocerca gregaria ) and the African migratory locust ( Locusta migratoria migratorioides ) to DNC applied as a contact poison to the ventral surface of the abdomen is directly related to their body weight, irrespective of age or sex.
Varying the site of application of the insecticide had little effect on the susceptibility of the insects except when the dose was applied to the wings or femur, these being less effective sites of entry for the poison.
Increasing the post-treatment temperature from 25 to 36°C. had no noticeable effect on mortality, but the speed of action of the insecticide was much increased.     

THE EFFECTS OF SOLUBILIZATION PROCEDURES ON THE RELEASE AND MOLECULAR STATE OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE FROM ELECTRIC ORGAN TISSUE

Abstract— A study was made of the effect of various solubilization procedures on the release of AChE from electric organ tissue of the electric eel and on the molecular state of the enzyme. The procedures employed included homogenization in different ionic media or in the presence of detergents, etuymic treatment and chemical modification. Studies were performed on intact electroplax, tissue homogenates and membrane fractions. The apparent AChE activity of intact cells, homogenates and membrane fractions was shown to be governed by diffusion-controlled substrate and hydrogen ion gradients, generated by AChE-catalyscd hydrolysis, leading to a lower substrate concentration and a lower pH in the vicinity of the particulate enzyme.
Treatment of homogenates with NaCl solutions or with NaCl solutions containing the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 causes release of the native'molecular forms of the enzyme (primarily the 18 S species) which aggregate at low ionic strength. For optimal extraction both high ionic strength (e.g. 1 M-NaCl) and the detergent are needed AChE is also solubilized by treatment of tissue homogenates with trypsin, bacterial protease or collagenase. The first two enzymes caused its release as an 11 S non-aggregating form, while collagenase also produces a minor non-aggregating - 16 S component. Treatment of tissue homogenates with maleic anhydride causes release of AChE as a non-aggregating 18 S species. On the basis of the solubilization experiments it is concluded that the interaction of AChE with the excitable membrane is primarily electrostatic. The possible orientation of the enzyme within the synaptic gap is discussed.     

Assessment of uncoupling activity of uncoupling protein 3 using a yeast heterologous expression system.

Uncoupling protein 3L, uncoupling protein 1 and the mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisae. Effects on different parameters related to the energy expenditure were studied. Both uncoupling protein 3L and uncoupling protein 1 reduced the growth rate by 49% and 32% and increased the whole yeast O2 consumption by 31% and 19%, respectively. In isolated mitochondria, uncoupling protein 1 increased the state 4 respiration by 1.8-fold, while uncoupling protein 3L increased the state 4 respiration by 1.2-fold. Interestingly, mutant uncoupling protein 1 carrying the H145Q and H147N mutations, previously shown to markedly decrease the H+ transport activity of uncoupling protein 1 when assessed using a proteoliposome system (Bienengraeber et al. (1998) Biochem. 37, 3-8), uncoupled the mitochondrial respiration to almost the same degree as wild-type uncoupling protein 1. Thus, absence of this histidine pair in uncoupling protein 2 and uncoupling protein 3 does not by itself rule out the possibility that these carriers have an uncoupling function. The oxoglutarate carrier had no effect on any of the studied parameters. In summary, a discordance exists between the magnitude of effects of uncoupling protein 3L and uncoupling protein 1 in whole yeast versus isolated mitochondria, with uncoupling protein 3L having greater effects in whole yeast and a smaller effect on the state 4 respiration in isolated mitochondria. These findings suggest that uncoupling protein 3L, like uncoupling protein 1, has an uncoupling activity. However, the mechanism of action and/or regulation of the activity of uncoupling protein 3L is likely to be different.